. , :
P ;
P ;
P ( ).
, , .
, .
. , , . , , .
2.
2.1.
, . . , (, , ) .
. :
ü ( );
ü ;
ü .
. Q:
Q = ( S)/ S,
, ; S .
Q . S ( ) ( , , ). , . () , .
:
1) ;
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2) , ( ), ;
3) ;
4) .
, . 105 107 . , ( ). . , , . ( ) . , . . .
. :
ü ;
ü (, );
ü ;
ü .
. :
1) ;
2) ;
3) - ( );
4) ;
5) ( ).
, . :
ü - ( );
ü , ( ).
. (F):
.
Fe2O3, (III)
.
2.2.
. . , 106 /.
150200 . , . , . . , . , . .
|
|
. .
. , .
(. 2.1). , .
2.1. ,
; (, BaSO4) | |
; (, CaC2O4 H2O) | |
; (, Fe(OH)3) |
, , (. 2.1). . 58 . , 510 , , .
. . , , (. 2.1, ). . , () . 45 . . , , . , , .
. 2.1. () ()
. , . . , , .
, . .
. , .
. . , ( ) .
, .
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. , . , . , .
. . . , . .
, , (IV). , , (. 2.2, ). (. 2.2, ). , . .
, 0,00010,0002 ( ).
, . .
. 2.2. (), ()
, .
. . () . 0,01 . 0,0001 . , , . - .
.
1. .
2. . .
3. , , .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. , .
9. .
10. .
2.3.
1
(III)
(III) Fe2(SO4)3 6H2O () .
|
|
. (III) NH4OH:
Fe3+ + 3NH4OHFe(OH)3¯ + 3NH4+.
Fe(OH)3 - ( = 3,2 . 1028) . -. - NH4NO3 NH4OH 2 . HNO3, Fe2+ Fe3+ (III). NH4NO3.
t = 800900C . Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3:
2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O.
, Fe2O3 Fe3O4.
: , , , , , , , , , , .
: 10%- NH4OH, 2%- NH4NO3, 2 . HNO3, 2 . BaCl2.
.
1. 23 2 . HNO3 ( ).
2. 7080 ( ).
3. 10%- NH4OH . Fe(OH)3.
4. 5070 .
5. (III), NH4OH.
6. 5 .
7. NH4NO3 SO42. SO42- - BaCl2. SO42 .
8. 2%- NH4NO3 . , .
9. , , .
10. , 800900 . , Fe2O3 Fe3O4.
11. . . , 2 104 ( ).
12. , . . (F = 0,6994), (III) .
2.4.
2.4.1. .
. () . , 1 ∙ 106 /.
. OH, Mg2+ Mg(OH)2?
.
Mg(OH)2 D Mg2+ + 2 OH
= [Mg2+] ∙ [OH]2 [Mg2+] £ 1 ∙ 106 /.
= 6 ∙ 104
[OH] = 2,45 ∙ 102 /.
. . . . .
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. : ) 250 4%- ; ) 250 , 0,05 NaCl?
.
a) -, S:
S S 2 S
CaF2 D Ca2+ + 2 F
.
= [Ca2+] ∙ [F]2
, c 2+:
Ca(NO3)2 → Ca2+ + 2 NO3
, (ρ) 5% 1 /, :
m (Ca(NO3)2) = V - ∙ ρ ∙ ω = 250 ∙ 1 ∙ 0,04 = 10,0 .
2+ Ca(NO3)2:
(2+) = (Ca(NO3)2) =
(2+) = = 0,2438 /.
2+ :
(2+) = (0,2438 + S) /.
:
= (0,2438 + S) ∙ (2 S)2.
S << 0,2438, :
= (0,2438) ∙ (2 S)2 = 0,9751 ∙ S 2;
S = = 6,4 106 /.
CaF2
m (CaF2) = S ∙ Mr(CaF2) ∙ V -
m (CaF2) = 6,4 106 ∙ 78,080 ∙ 0,25 =1,25 104 .
) .
CaF2 D Ca2+ + 2 F
= (Ca2+) ∙ 2(F) = (a2+) ∙ f (a2+) ∙ C 2(F) ∙ f 2(F).
, (a2+) = S, (F) = 2 S.
= 4 S 3 ∙ f (a2+) ∙ f 2(F)
f (a2+) f (F) NaCl :
(NaCl) = = = 3,42 ∙ 103 /.
NaCl ( CaF2 ):
NaCl → Na+ + Cl
= (3,42 ∙ 103 ∙ 1 + 3,42 ∙ 103 ∙ 1) = 3,42 ∙ 103 /.
μ < 0,01, f (a2+) f( F) :
lg f (a2+) = 0,5 ∙ 22 ∙ = 0,117, f = 0,76.
lg f (F) = 0,5 ∙ 12 ∙ = 0,029, f = 0,93.
CaF2 NaCl:
S = = = 3,92 ∙ 104 /
m (CaF2) = 3,92 ∙ 104 ∙ 78,080 ∙ 0,25 = 7,65 ∙ 103 .
. . . 1,5 2 ( ) 3 ( ), .
. 10%- 16,0 , 1,5% ?
. NiO :
m (NiO) = 16,0 ∙ 0,015 = 0,240 .
NH4OH :
NiO → Ni2+→ Ni(OH)2↓
Ni2+
Ni2+ + 2 NH4OH = Ni(OH)2↓
ν (NH4OH) = 2 ν (Ni2+) = 2 ν (NiO)
NH4OH :
m (NH4OH) =
m (NH4OH) = = 0,2252 .
10%- NH4OH:
m (-) = = = 2,252 .
10%- 0,958 /, :
V = = 2,35 .
1,52- ( ) 3- ( ), :
V = 2,35 ∙ 3 = 7,05 .
. , .
. , Al(NO3)3, 0,5268 50,0 . , (765246), l2O3, 0,3060 . (%) Al .
. :
2 Al(NO3)3 → l 2 O3 → 2l
Al, :
m (Al) = m (l2O3) ∙ F,
F , :
F = .
(F = 0,5293).
m (Al) = 0,3060 ∙ 0,5293 = 0,1620 ,
ω = = 30,74%.
2.4.2. .
. , ? . 2.2.
2.2.
Pb2+ | SO42 | PbSO4 | |
Ca2+ | C2O42 | CaC2O4 | |
Ag+ | Cl | AgCl | |
Ba2+ | CrO42 | BaCrO4 | |
Pb2+ | Cl | PbCl2 | |
Ba2+ | C2O42 | BaC2O4 | |
Sr2+ | SO42 | SrSO4 | |
Pb2+ | J | PbJ2 | |
Ag+ | Br | AgBr | |
Zn2+ | CO32 | ZnCO3 | |
Sr2+ | F | SrF2 | |
Fe3+ | OH | Fe(OH)3 | |
Al3+ | OH | Al(OH)3 | |
Ba2+ | SO42 | BaSO4 | |
Ni2+ | OH | Ni(OH)2 | |
Pb2+ | C2O42 | PbC2O4 |