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:




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! . ! . , β = p / p1




. 4.12 . 4.13

,
β = p / p1 , . (4.34) p2 / p1 β (4.36), :

. (4.38)

(4.38) 1 v1 ,

, (4.39)

p, v. , .

(4.35), (4.36):

. (4.40)

h, s (4.31), h2 h, . .

. (4.41)

, , , . . (4.32): Mdv = ωdf + fdω, , dv / v = df / f + dω / ω,

. (4.42)

(4.42) , v, w.

, f 2, . 1 (. 4.14) v = φ(p2), . 2, (4.31), w = φ(p2).

2 > 2 , 1, , dw / w > dv / v. (4.42)
df / f < 0, . . f .

p2 < p, , , 1 , 2 . , dw / w < dv / v, df / f > 0 f .

2 . 4.14 3.

, : , . . 4.15. w
.

w , a. , w a. .

! .

. 4.14 . 4.15

, : , , . .

, ,
(. 4.16). , - . Δ , .

- .

,
:

. (4.43)

,

, (4.44)

. . .

h = cpT, cp = const, , 1 = 2. . , , -

. (4.45)

, - , . , , , .

( , T = 200 K) , .
.

h, s (. 4.17), , (, 3 4 3 4) , , . 3 -. p4 4 4 , h3 = h4 3.

1 2 , , 2 .

( 5) ( 6) 6.





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