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! . ! . , (




. 3.9 . 3.10

, (. 3.9). , , . T, s , . 3.10.

v = const , 4 1 q2 = cv(T4 T1) 2 3 q1 = cv(T3 T2):

. (3.17)

v = const, (3.17) :

. (3.18)

1 2 :

, (3.19)

3 4:

. (3.20)

(3.19) (3.20) , T1 / T2 = T4 / T3,

. (3.21)

(3.21) (3.18),

, (3.22)

, (3.18) (, v1 / v2 = ε):

. (3.23)

(3.23) , ε, ht .

ε , , . , , , . ε 12 20.

. , 1897 . , , .

. , . , : = const. (. 3.11) .

. (3.24)

2 3 3 4,

. (3.25)

T4 / T1 ρ, 4 3 1 2:

; .

v4 = v1,

. (3.26)

(3.19), (3.25) (3.26) (3.24) :

. (3.27)

ε, , , ρ, , .

1904 . , , . ( 150 200 ), . .

. . 2 z q1v (. 3.12). . p, v q1p z 3.

.

(3.28)

(3.28) e, λ, ρ.

4 1, 4 3 1 2: ; , :

, (3.29)

λ = 3 / 2 xo . 2 z

. (3.30)

T3 / Tz = v3 / vz = ρ,

. (3.31)

(3.28) ,

. (3.32)

, ηt . , , v = const. , r = 1. (3.32) (3.23). , . . λ = 1. (3.32), (3.27) = const.

, s- (. 3.13). , q2 . e , . 2v , 2p 2 ( , e ). 3v, 3, 3
v = const, p = const .

q2 ηt = 1 q2 / q1 q1. (. . 3.13),
q1 > q1p > q1v, ηt > ηt p > ηt v.

, , , , . , , . ( ) ,
.

, = const, , - .





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