, , .
, . : pv = RT.
, . , . . .
, 1873 ., :
, (4.1)
a b , .
(4.1) , , . . : / v2. b, .
(4.1) , . . , .
, . .
, v- . , 1. a1, p1 = const, 0 . a1 b1 (. 4.1) .
b1 1 , ( 1). 1 d1. 2, 3 . ., . , 1 2, 3, , 0 . . , b1, b2, b3, , . . , 1, 2, 3, , , . . , , . . . = 221,15 ; t = 374,12 ; v = 0,003147 3/. , , .
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, (4.2)
. x = 0, = 1.
v', h', s' v", h", s" [4] t . , , .
0 < < 1 . , (1 x)v' v", . .
. (4.3)
, , , v ≈ xv".
, :
(4.4)
. (4.5)
h" h' , 1 = const. : r = h" h'. (4.5) :
. (4.6)
(4.5) :
. (4.7)
:
, (4.8)
.
, . . , 2 . . : = 0,0061 ; v = 0,001 3/; t = 0,01 C.
, s-. = const, :
. (4.9)
(4.9) T0 = 273,15 K , 0 ,
. (4.10)
, s-. (. 4.2), T0 = 273,15 K. , b1 b2, b3, , , . . , (4.9) :
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. (4.11)
! .
. 4.2 . 4.3
p = const, dT / ds, . p , . 1 c2, 3 , , . , , .
, s- , ab1 (. . 4.2) , 0 .
qab1 = hb1 ha. ha = 0, h' b1 ab1. b1c1 r = h" h', 1 h" = h' + r. , , 1d1.
T, s . h, s, , . . h', s', h", s" x = 0 = 1 (. 4.3).
, , . .
Tds = dh vdp p = const :
. (4.12)
T = const, h, s- , .
(4.12) , h, s- . , T, , s- . , . x = l .
h, s- , .
x = const. . . h, s- .
, q12, Du12 l12.
v = const h, s- (. 4.4) . 1 pl ( t1) x1. 2 2 t2.