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. E = mc 2 . , , s .

, . , , , .

, , . . (1711 1765 .).

V , , δ Q. d, dV.

. dU. , , δ L . ,

δ Q = dU + δ L, (2.7)

.. , , .

. , . .

1. δ Q = 0 , .. . . (2.7)

δ L = dU. (2.8)

, , , . .

2. δ L = 0 , dV = 0. ,

δ Q = dU, (2.9)

.. , , .

3. dU = 0

δ Q = δ L, (2.10)

.. .

, 1 ,

Δ q = du + δ l. (2.11)

(2.7) (2.11) ,

Q = ∆ U + L; q = ∆ u + l, (2.12)

U = U 2 U 1, ∆ u = u 2 u 1.

, . , , . , , . : . 1755 . , - .

, , , : .

:

ü , 1 , /(×);

ü ´, , 1 3 , /(3×);

ü μ , , /(×).

:

= μ /μ; ´= ρ. (2.13)

ρ .

, . , 1 . + ∞ ∞.

:

ü

p = δ q p/ dT, (2.14)

δ q p, , dT;

ü

v = δ qv / dT, (2.15)

δ qv, , dT.

δ q = du + pdv.

, ( (2.1))

Δ q = (∂ u /∂ T) vdT + [(∂ u /∂ v) T + p ] dv. (2.16)

(v =const) , , (2.15), ,

cv = (∂ u /∂ T) v. (2.17)

( 2.2),

cv = du / dT. (2.18)

( =const) (2.16) (2.14)

c p = (∂ u /∂ T) v + [(∂ u /∂ v) T + p ](dv / dT) p

,

. (2.19)

(1.4) pv = RT (1.3) ,

c p = v + R. (2.20)

(2.20) .

v =const , , , = const . c p v .

, . . . q 12, , (t 1) (t 2) ( t 2 t 1).

,

, / , . (2.21)

( ) . , 4,187 /(×), 1 /(×). ( ) , , ,

. (2.21 )

. 2.2 q 12 . , ,

, (2.22)

t 1 t 2.

. 2.2.

, , t 1, t 2. .

. , 0 t 2 t 1 (. 2.2)

. (2.23)

, (2.24)

- 0 t .

( , .. cv) t. . ( cv), ¢ m . , , . , (2.24) .

 

=const

( .. , .. , .. )

t, C m , /(×)
2 N2 2 2 S2 H2O
  29,278 29,022 28,621 29,127 35,865 38,859 33,503 29,077
  29,542 29,052 28,939 29,181 38,117 40,659 33,746 29,156
  29,935 29,135 29,077 29,307 40,065 42,334 34,123 29,303
  30,404 29,290 29,127 29,521 41,760 43,883 34,579 29,525
  30,882 29,504 29,109 29,793 43,255 45,223 35,094 29,793
  31,338 29,768 29,253 30,103 44,579 46,396 35,634 30,099
  31,765 30,048 29,320 30,429 45,759 47,359 36,200 30,408
  32,155 30,346 29,412 30,756 46,819 48,238 36,794 30,727
  32,506 30,639 29,521 31,074 47,769 48,950 37,397 31,032
  32,829 30,928 29,650 31,380 48,624 49,620 38,013 31,325
  33,122 31,200 29,793 31,669 49,398 50,165 38,624 31,602
  33,390 31,459 29,948 31,941 50,106 50,667 39,231 31,866
  33,637 31,711 30,111 32,196 50,747 51,086 39,830 32,113
  33,867 31,945 30,291 32,431 51,329 --- 40,412 32,347
  34,081 32,167 30,471 32,657 51,865 --- 40,482 32,569
  34,286 32,376 30,651 32,862 52,355 --- 41,530 32,778
  34,479 32,369 30,836 33,055 52,807 --- 42,062 32,971
  34,663 32,753 31,016 33,235 53,226 --- 42,581 33,155
  34,839 32,921 31,196 33,407 53,611 --- 43,075 33,323
  35,010 33,084 31,376 33,566 53,967 --- 43,544 33,486
  35,174 33,235 31,552 33,712 54,298 --- 44,001 33,645
  35,333 33,381 31,727 33,855 54,603 --- 44,399 33,792
  35,488 33,520 31,895 33,984 54,888 --- 44,856 33,930
  35,638 33,645 32,062 34,110 55,152 --- 45,261 34,064
  35,789 33,683 32,226 34,227 55,399 --- 45,651 31,190
  35,932 33,880 32,389 34,340 55,624 --- 46,023 34,311

m 100 . , . , . y = f (x) 1 ( = 1) 2 ( = 2). () 1< < 2 . ( 2> 1), ( 2< 1); , 2 > 1 .

U V, :

= U + V. (2.25)

, . , , ().

h = u + pv, (2.26)

(h = / ), , 1 , /.

, :

h = ψ1(p, v); h = ψ2(v, T); h = ψ3(p, T),

dh .

.

, , v . .

( ) .

, .

, , (2.26) (18) (1.4) ,

. (2.27)

vdp , (2.27),

. (2.28)

.

2.1. 1 300 . , , 20 ˚?

2.2. 1000 2000 ˚, , 0 2000 ˚ 1,19 /(×), 01000 ˚ 1,12 /(×).

2.3. 2 100 2 100 . 0 200 ? 7,8 /3, 0,000013 -1, 0,46 /(×).

2.4. , 1 , ?






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