, J, J, J J = J. , . . (). . κ , :
κ = 1/ρ
R = ρl / S
R , ; l , , ; S , 2.
κ = l / RS
, , . : /. C ,
R = E/I
; I .
, , :
κ = Il / ES
S = 1 /l = 1 κ = 1. , , , , .
. , , .
λ ( λ) , , :
λ = κφ; λ = κφ
φ 3/ 3/, λ ∙2/ ∙2/.
φ = 1/, , /3.
λ = κ/zC λ = κ/
/3, φ = 1/(zC∙103); φ = 1/(∙103)
λ = κ/(zC∙103) λ = κ/(∙103)
( ) φ = VM, V = M/d ( V ; ; d ), -
λ = κV = κ/d
, ( ) , , , ( ) ( ).
|
|
- ( ), , , .
, , . . - , , , . , 4∙103 R0 (R0 0).
R = R0 (1 + αt)
α .
, , α = 1,5∙103, α = 4∙106.
106 7∙107 /. , , . .
; .
. , , .
. 5.1. (1) (2).
, . . , . , , , . . 5.1.
, , .
. , . . . .
|
|
, . . . - ni, i. ni = pi( i-). , , ni = pi ≈1019 3, 1016 3 107 1010 % N.
. ie ip : i = ie + ip, , , , () . :
' :
w e0 . w e0 = 0,36 2/(∙).
:
, :
:
i i = κ ', S = 1 2 :
, ni = pi,
w p0 w e0, w p0 = 0, 18 2/(∙), w e0 = 0,36 2/(∙).
, :
κi = κe + κp
, ni . , ( E = 9∙104 /, E= 2,5∙104 /), , , . .
:
ln κ = ln κ0 + α (E E)
κ0 Œ = .
, , - . ,
, - .
k ; (, ).
. 3 7%.
. , , V (, As, Sb), , , ( 1,6∙1021), . ( -]. , , III (In, Ga, , 1), . ( -]. , , , ).
|
|
, , N N . N NA . , , . , n- nn ≈ 1022 3, ni ≈ 1019 ~3, . . 103 .
:
nnpn = nipi = ni2 = pi2
nppp = nipi = ni2 = pi2
n-, -. , ( 104 0/) , .
N ≈nn n- NA ≈ -, :
n- , - .
, , . , , . . , . , 98∙104 2/, 47∙104 2/. , , , , , . . (, CdSe, GaP, ZnO, CdS, SnO2, In2O3, InSb).
, ( ), , . :
c∙103, / | c∙103, / | ||
2 | 0.0044 | NaOH 10% 30% | |
2H5OH | 0.0064 | , 29% | |
3H7OH | 0.0009 | NaCl 10% 25% | |
3 | 0.0223 | FeSO4, 7% | |
0.7 | NiSO4, 19% | ||
N,N- | 0.008-0.02 | CuSO4, 15% | |
3OOH | 0.0011 | Zn12, 40% | |
H2SO4 10% 40% | NaCl (, 850 ) | ||
1 40% 10% | NaNO3 ( 500 ) | ||
HNO3 12% | MgCl2 (, 1013 ) | ||
113 (, 245 ) | 0.11 | ||
lI3 (, 270 ) | 0.74 | ||
AgCl (, 800 ) | |||
AgI () |
|
|
, 18 .
κ κ (, , 0,67∙108, 0,645∙108 0,056∙108 /).
, . , , . - , .
, , , , . , , (ti). , , , . ,
, , .
- () , , -. , , 1 , , . , .
, . . , , , . , . m w, mdw / dt (), , (L), , . , , . . L = L w ( L ).
:
L w = v, d w = d v /L
: t = 0 w = 0, . . ( ). :
, :
, , eLt/m →0 t, . w = M/L, . , , , .
ze, ,
w = ze grad E/L
grad =1 , 2/(∙):
w = ze/L
, , L. . :
;
. , I, , . ,
κ+ = I+; κ = I; κ = I+ + I
S I, , w +S, , , w S,
|
|
. , , (/3), , ν+ ν , w +S w S:
ν+NCS w +∙103 νNCS w ∙103
( N ). S = 1 2 grad E = 1
;
, z+ν+ = zν
:
z/L, , - (l+ l). :
λ = l+ + l
, , . . ∙2/.
( ) (α):
; λ = α (l+ + l)
, , ( )
t+ = I+ / (I+ + I); t = I / (I+ + I)
I,
;
, F, :
;
, ,