(Complex Subject)
, it is said, it is reported, it seems, it is likely, :
It is said that he speaks English quite fluently. | , -. | ||
He | is said | to speak English quite fluently. | |
() | () | () | |
, -. | |||
, .
, :
1. , , , .: to say , to state , to announce , to believe , , to know , to consider , to suppose , to assume , to see , to hear , to notice , etc. | He is said to be the best player. | , . |
2. : to appear, to seem , to happen, to chance , to prove, to turn out , etc. | We seem to have missed the train. | , . |
3. to be likely , to be unlikely , to be certain , to be sure , , etc. | He is certain to win. | , , . |
for
(For-to-Infinitive construction)
for + () + : , , . .
It is necessary for you to come at the appointed time. | , ( ). |
This is for her to decide. | ( ). |
The first thing for you to do is to pass your exam. | , , ( ). |
The weather was too frosty for the children to go for a walk. | , ( ). |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. | Identify Complex Object. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. | The foreman advised me to ask for a raise next month. |
2. | I finally persuaded my friend to stay for two more days. |
3. | The students wanted Mr. Brown to explain the lesson again. |
4. | They saw him swim across the river. |
5. | I think this new method to save us a lot of time and trouble. |
6. | They heard her call for help. |
7. | He lets me drive his car. |
8. | I would like her to be invited to the party. |
9. | We rely on them to deliver the message. |
10. | We waited for them to consider our application. |
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Exercise 2. | Find the sentences with Complex Object. Translate them into Russian. |
1. | The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character. |
2. | She stood and watched them walk off down the road. |
3. | They shouldnt be allowed to get away with it. |
4. | She watched the man closely to see where he would go. |
5. | Who do you consider to be responsible for the accident? |
6. | We didnt want this to happen. |
7. | They expected all their children to be high achievers. |
8. | This award is considered to be a great honour. |
9. | I noticed them come in. |
10. | They stopped to watch the procession go by. |
Exercise 3. | Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. |
Model: | I know that she is writing letters to her friends. I know her to be writing letters to her friends. |
1. | I hope that these conditions will be changed in the future. |
2. | I assume your suggestion is the best one. |
3. | I know that they always study their lessons very carefully. |
4. | My friend believes that professor teaches at Harvard. |
5. | Do you really expect that I believe you? |
6. | I think the students are talking to the teacher. |
7. | I believe that Professor Duncan is writing another book this year. |
8. | I assume that you had no difficulty with that lesson yesterday. |
9. | I know my friends havent received any letters from Robert. |
10. | Many people were expecting that the peace talks would break down. |
Exercise 4. | Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. |
Model: | She heard that somebody played the piano. She heard somebody play the piano. |
1. | I watched as she crossed the street. |
2. | I heard as a car drove off. |
3. | We felt that the ground gave way under our feet. |
4. | I heard him early in the morning. He left the house. |
5. | He stood there and watched him. He drove away. |
6. | I felt as if something crawled up my arm. |
7. | Have you ever heard him? He plays the violin. |
8. | Did you hear me? I arrived. |
9. | He watches them every weekend. They play basketball. |
10. | The police observed a man. He entered the bank. |
Exercise 5. | Identify Complex Subject. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
1. | Mr. Brown is supposed to return before next Thursday. |
2. | Carol didnt seem to be excited in the least about the news. |
3. | Despite all the rumours his new performance proved to have a success. |
4. | The vegetable calledleek is considered to be a traditional emblem of Wales. |
5. | The mechanic is unlikely to repair our car on Saturday. |
6. | They happened to meet that very day. |
7. | He appears to have read very much on this question. |
8. | His article is likely to be published in the newspaper. |
9. | She is reported to be willing to make a statement. |
10. | He is expected to run for mayor. |
Exercise 6. | Find the sentences with Complex Subject. Translate them into Russian. |
1. | We are expected to work on Saturdays. |
2. | He was told to sit down and wait. |
3. | He seemed to feel no remorse at all. |
4. | All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire. |
5. | Hes generally considered to have the finest tenor voice in the country. |
6. | House prices are expected to rise sharply. |
7. | They appeared not to know what was happening. |
8. | I dont claim to be an expert. |
9. | It is highly likely that the factory will have to close. |
10. | People arent always what they seem to be. |
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Exercise 7. | Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject. |
Model: | It is said that he will return next Monday or Tuesday. He is said to return next Monday or Tuesday. |
1. | It is said that it rains a great deal in that country. |
2. | It is considered that the proposed development would create much-needed jobs. |
3. | It is expected that the report will suggest some major reforms. |
4. | They expect that he will become a successful writer. |
5. | They believe that his promotion will be a turning point in his career. |
6. | It is known that scientists are looking for ways to replace fossil fuels. |
7. | It is assumed that stress is caused by too much work. |
8. | It is reported that they have had no trouble with the machine. |
9. | They saw how he entered the building about the time the crime was committed. |
10. | It was stated that standards at the hospital were dropping. |
Exercise 8. | Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject. |
Model: | It is likely that the company will make another offer. The company is likely to make another offer. |
1. | It seems that there is absolutely nothing to worry about. |
2. | It proved that he had been forced to lie. |
3. | It is unlikely that Walter will finish the work before next Friday. |
4. | It is certain that the work will be finished tomorrow afternoon. |
5. | It turned out that the water in the pond froze very quickly. |
6. | It happened that he forgot to buy a new dictionary last week. |
7. | It is likely the weather will be cloudy tomorrow. |
8. | Whats the matter with Howard? It seems that he is very angry. |
9. | It seems that they know what theyre doing. |
10. | It is certain that they will agree. |
Exercise 9. | Identify For-to-Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences. |
1. | The last two lessons were hard for me to understand. |
2. | Our friends were anxious for us to return to Chicago. |
3. | Children also hang stockings for Santa Claus to fill with gifts. |
4. | It is difficult for me to speak English correctly. |
5. | Victoria arranged for all of her children to be married to members of many of the royal families in Europe. |
6. | It is necessary for them to leave before dark. |
7. | Even if we could stop producing the polluting gases that cause acid rain today, it would take years for acid rains effects to begin to disappear. |
8. | It is very common for popular music to be popular for only a short time. |
Exercise 10. | Find the sentences withFor-to-Infinitive construction. Translate them. |
1. | The doctor told me to take it easy for a few weeks. |
2. | You dont have to make excuses for her. |
3. | Her parents paid for her to go to Canada. |
4. | How to spend the money is for you to decide. |
5. | He was unable to account for the error. |
6. | Im anxious for her to do as little as possible. |
7. | The opposition has called for him to resign. |
8. | The doctor has given me some medicine to take for my cough. |
9. | There is no need for you to go. |
10. | Is it clear enough for you to read? |
Exercise 11. | Use the proper form of the noun/pronoun in the For-to-Infinitive construction. |
1. | Its about time for ____ (he) to do something instead of just talking. |
2. | Is there anything for ____ (we) to drink? |
3. | Its easy for ____ (you) to tell me to keep calm, but youre not in my position. |
4. | Its easy for ____ (people) to make mistakes. |
5. | Its impossible for ____ (I) to reach the top shelf. |
6. | Its best for ____ (he) to leave before the rush hour. |
7. | It doesnt seem necessary for ____ (they) to rent a car for the week. |
8. | Its useless for ____ (we) to continue. |
9. | For ____ (she) to have survived such an ordeal was remarkable. |
10. | There werent enough chairs for ____ (everyone) to sit down. |
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Exercise 12. | Paraphrase the sentences using the For-to-Infinitive construction. |
Model: | Is it necessary that you should be so economical? Is it necessary for you to be so economical? |
1. | I think its better to leave early, Tom. |
2. | Its time the children were in bed. |
3. | The station is far away; we cant go there on foot. |
4. | I cant do such a lot of washing in one day. |
5. | The question was so difficult that I couldnt answer it. |
6. | It is not advisable that tourists should swim in this part of the bay. |
7. | I think its high time you stopped watching television and did some work! |
8. | I cant lift the box. Its very heavy. |
9. | Maths is hard. Some people cant understand it. |
10. | Its high time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world. |
Exercise 13. | Complete the sentences with the preposition for and an object, a full infinitive, and any other necessary words. |
Model: | The last two lessons were hard. The last two lessons were hard for me to understand. |
1. | Was that book too boring ____ |
2. | Its interesting and unusual ____ |
3. | Things like that are easy ____ |
4. | That sport is too dangerous ____ |
5. | I think its good ____ |
6. | That shirt is too dirty ____ |
7. | Dont you think it was strange ____ |
8. | That subject is difficult ____ |
9. | The box was too heavy ____ |
10. | Our instructor was ready ____ |
(The Gerund)
, , , :
increasing ; |
obtaining ; |
heating . |
Active Voice | Passive Voice | |
Present (Non-Perfect) Gerund | writing | being written |
Perfect Gerund | having written | having been written |