(Complex Subject)
Сложноподчинённое предложение с главным предложением, выраженным безличным оборотом типа it is said, it is reported, it seems, it is likely, можно заменить простым предложением:
| It is said that he speaks English quite fluently. | Говорят, что он довольно бегло говорит по-английски. | ||
| He | is said | to speak English quite fluently. | |
| (подлежащее) | (сказуемое) | (инфинитив) | |
| Говорят, что он довольно бегло говорит по-английски. | |||
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива смыслового глагола, которые разделяются сказуемым.
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется, когда сказуемое выражено:
| 1. Глаголами в страдательном залоге, которые выражают чувственное восприятие, умственное восприятие, волеизъявление и др.: to say говорить, to state заявлять, to announce объявлять, to believe полагать, считать, to know знать, to consider считать, to suppose предполагать, to assume предполагать, to see видеть, to hear слышать, to notice отмечать, etc. | He is said to be the best player. | Говорят, что он лучший игрок. |
| 2. Глаголами в действительном залоге: to appear, to seem казаться, to happen, to chance случаться, to prove, to turn out оказываться, etc. | We seem to have missed the train. | Кажется, что мы опоздали на поезд. |
| 3. to be likely вероятно, to be unlikely маловероятно, to be certain несомненно, to be sure наверно, конечно, etc. | He is certain to win. | Он, несомненно, выиграет. |
Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
(For-to-Infinitive construction)
Оборот состоит из for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив и представляет собой один член предложения: сложное подлежащее, сложную именную часть сказуемого, сложное определение или сложное обстоятельство. Оборот переводится инфинитивом или придаточным предложением.
| It is necessary for you to come at the appointed time. | Необходимо, чтобы вы пришли в назначенное время (сложное подлежащее). |
| This is for her to decide. | Это ей решать (сложная именная часть сказуемого). |
| The first thing for you to do is to pass your exam. | Первое, что ты должен сделать, это сдать экзамен (сложное определение). |
| The weather was too frosty for the children to go for a walk. | Погода была слишком морозная, чтобы дети могли гулять (сложное обстоятельство). |
EXERCISES
| Exercise 1. | Identify Complex Object. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| 1. | The foreman advised me to ask for a raise next month. |
| 2. | I finally persuaded my friend to stay for two more days. |
| 3. | The students wanted Mr. Brown to explain the lesson again. |
| 4. | They saw him swim across the river. |
| 5. | I think this new method to save us a lot of time and trouble. |
| 6. | They heard her call for help. |
| 7. | He lets me drive his car. |
| 8. | I would like her to be invited to the party. |
| 9. | We rely on them to deliver the message. |
| 10. | We waited for them to consider our application. |
| Exercise 2. | Find the sentences with Complex Object. Translate them into Russian. |
| 1. | The writer clearly intends his readers to identify with the main character. |
| 2. | She stood and watched them walk off down the road. |
| 3. | They shouldn’t be allowed to get away with it. |
| 4. | She watched the man closely to see where he would go. |
| 5. | Who do you consider to be responsible for the accident? |
| 6. | We didn’t want this to happen. |
| 7. | They expected all their children to be high achievers. |
| 8. | This award is considered to be a great honour. |
| 9. | I noticed them come in. |
| 10. | They stopped to watch the procession go by. |
| Exercise 3. | Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. |
| Model: | I know that she is writing letters to her friends. I know her to be writing letters to her friends. |
| 1. | I hope that these conditions will be changed in the future. |
| 2. | I assume your suggestion is the best one. |
| 3. | I know that they always study their lessons very carefully. |
| 4. | My friend believes that professor teaches at Harvard. |
| 5. | Do you really expect that I believe you? |
| 6. | I think the students are talking to the teacher. |
| 7. | I believe that Professor Duncan is writing another book this year. |
| 8. | I assume that you had no difficulty with that lesson yesterday. |
| 9. | I know my friends haven’t received any letters from Robert. |
| 10. | Many people were expecting that the peace talks would break down. |
| Exercise 4. | Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. |
| Model: | She heard that somebody played the piano. She heard somebody play the piano. |
| 1. | I watched as she crossed the street. |
| 2. | I heard as a car drove off. |
| 3. | We felt that the ground gave way under our feet. |
| 4. | I heard him early in the morning. He left the house. |
| 5. | He stood there and watched him. He drove away. |
| 6. | I felt as if something crawled up my arm. |
| 7. | Have you ever heard him? He plays the violin. |
| 8. | Did you hear me? I arrived. |
| 9. | He watches them every weekend. They play basketball. |
| 10. | The police observed a man. He entered the bank. |
| Exercise 5. | Identify Complex Subject. Translate the sentences into Russian. |
| 1. | Mr. Brown is supposed to return before next Thursday. |
| 2. | Carol didn’t seem to be excited in the least about the news. |
| 3. | Despite all the rumours his new performance proved to have a success. |
| 4. | The vegetable calledleek is considered to be a traditional emblem of Wales. |
| 5. | The mechanic is unlikely to repair our car on Saturday. |
| 6. | They happened to meet that very day. |
| 7. | He appears to have read very much on this question. |
| 8. | His article is likely to be published in the newspaper. |
| 9. | She is reported to be willing to make a statement. |
| 10. | He is expected to run for mayor. |
| Exercise 6. | Find the sentences with Complex Subject. Translate them into Russian. |
| 1. | We are expected to work on Saturdays. |
| 2. | He was told to sit down and wait. |
| 3. | He seemed to feel no remorse at all. |
| 4. | All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire. |
| 5. | He’s generally considered to have the finest tenor voice in the country. |
| 6. | House prices are expected to rise sharply. |
| 7. | They appeared not to know what was happening. |
| 8. | I don’t claim to be an expert. |
| 9. | It is highly likely that the factory will have to close. |
| 10. | People aren’t always what they seem to be. |
| Exercise 7. | Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject. |
| Model: | It is said that he will return next Monday or Tuesday. He is said to return next Monday or Tuesday. |
| 1. | It is said that it rains a great deal in that country. |
| 2. | It is considered that the proposed development would create much-needed jobs. |
| 3. | It is expected that the report will suggest some major reforms. |
| 4. | They expect that he will become a successful writer. |
| 5. | They believe that his promotion will be a turning point in his career. |
| 6. | It is known that scientists are looking for ways to replace fossil fuels. |
| 7. | It is assumed that stress is caused by too much work. |
| 8. | It is reported that they have had no trouble with the machine. |
| 9. | They saw how he entered the building about the time the crime was committed. |
| 10. | It was stated that standards at the hospital were dropping. |
| Exercise 8. | Paraphrase the following sentences using Complex Subject. |
| Model: | It is likely that the company will make another offer. The company is likely to make another offer. |
| 1. | It seems that there is absolutely nothing to worry about. |
| 2. | It proved that he had been forced to lie. |
| 3. | It is unlikely that Walter will finish the work before next Friday. |
| 4. | It is certain that the work will be finished tomorrow afternoon. |
| 5. | It turned out that the water in the pond froze very quickly. |
| 6. | It happened that he forgot to buy a new dictionary last week. |
| 7. | It is likely the weather will be cloudy tomorrow. |
| 8. | What’s the matter with Howard? It seems that he is very angry. |
| 9. | It seems that they know what they’re doing. |
| 10. | It is certain that they will agree. |
| Exercise 9. | Identify For-to-Infinitive construction. Translate the sentences. |
| 1. | The last two lessons were hard for me to understand. |
| 2. | Our friends were anxious for us to return to Chicago. |
| 3. | Children also hang stockings for Santa Claus to fill with gifts. |
| 4. | It is difficult for me to speak English correctly. |
| 5. | Victoria arranged for all of her children to be married to members of many of the royal families in Europe. |
| 6. | It is necessary for them to leave before dark. |
| 7. | Even if we could stop producing the polluting gases that cause acid rain today, it would take years for acid rain’s effects to begin to disappear. |
| 8. | It is very common for popular music to be popular for only a short time. |
| Exercise 10. | Find the sentences withFor-to-Infinitive construction. Translate them. |
| 1. | The doctor told me to take it easy for a few weeks. |
| 2. | You don’t have to make excuses for her. |
| 3. | Her parents paid for her to go to Canada. |
| 4. | How to spend the money is for you to decide. |
| 5. | He was unable to account for the error. |
| 6. | I’m anxious for her to do as little as possible. |
| 7. | The opposition has called for him to resign. |
| 8. | The doctor has given me some medicine to take for my cough. |
| 9. | There is no need for you to go. |
| 10. | Is it clear enough for you to read? |
| Exercise 11. | Use the proper form of the noun/pronoun in the For-to-Infinitive construction. |
| 1. | It’s about time for ____ (he) to do something instead of just talking. |
| 2. | Is there anything for ____ (we) to drink? |
| 3. | It’s easy for ____ (you) to tell me to keep calm, but you’re not in my position. |
| 4. | It’s easy for ____ (people) to make mistakes. |
| 5. | It’s impossible for ____ (I) to reach the top shelf. |
| 6. | It’s best for ____ (he) to leave before the rush hour. |
| 7. | It doesn’t seem necessary for ____ (they) to rent a car for the week. |
| 8. | It’s useless for ____ (we) to continue. |
| 9. | For ____ (she) to have survived such an ordeal was remarkable. |
| 10. | There weren’t enough chairs for ____ (everyone) to sit down. |
| Exercise 12. | Paraphrase the sentences using the For-to-Infinitive construction. |
| Model: | Is it necessary that you should be so economical? Is it necessary for you to be so economical? |
| 1. | I think it’s better to leave early, Tom. |
| 2. | It’s time the children were in bed. |
| 3. | The station is far away; we can’t go there on foot. |
| 4. | I can’t do such a lot of washing in one day. |
| 5. | The question was so difficult that I couldn’t answer it. |
| 6. | It is not advisable that tourists should swim in this part of the bay. |
| 7. | I think it’s high time you stopped watching television and did some work! |
| 8. | I can’t lift the box. It’s very heavy. |
| 9. | Maths is hard. Some people can’t understand it. |
| 10. | It’s high time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world. |
| Exercise 13. | Complete the sentences with the preposition for and an object, a full infinitive, and any other necessary words. |
| Model: | The last two lessons were hard. The last two lessons were hard for me to understand. |
| 1. | Was that book too boring ____ |
| 2. | It’s interesting and unusual ____ |
| 3. | Things like that are easy ____ |
| 4. | That sport is too dangerous ____ |
| 5. | I think it’s good ____ |
| 6. | That shirt is too dirty ____ |
| 7. | Don’t you think it was strange ____ |
| 8. | That subject is difficult ____ |
| 9. | The box was too heavy ____ |
| 10. | Our instructor was ready ____ |
Герундий (The Gerund)
Герундий – неличная форма глагола, выражающая действие как процесс и обладающая свойствами, как существительного, так и глагола:
| increasing – увеличение; |
| obtaining – получение; |
| heating – нагревание. |
Формы герундия
| Форма | Действительный залог Active Voice | Страдательный залог Passive Voice |
| Present (Non-Perfect) Gerund | writing | being written |
| Perfect Gerund | having written | having been written |
