, . . 4.7 I(U) (U = const). U = 0 , , , .
. 4.7.
U ( ). U, U. , , , . , I I.
I(U) . 4.8. (I=const).
. 4.8.
I = 0 . I = 0 . I0.
I > 0, , I = 0, , I. , U , I. , I=βI.
.4.9 - -- .
. 4.9. -
1 2 - - :
, (4.23)
. (4.24)
α NI1 αII2 . αN αI .
- .
- (.4.10).
. 4.10. -
I :
, (4.25)
IS = αNI0 = αI0 () .
I I
, (4.26)
, (4.27)
, . (4.28)
- -.
αN (. 4.11). , -, .
. 4.11. -
|
|
r , r , . r .
: , .
, , . 4.12. βI , r(1-α) r /(β+1). , U . .
. 4.12. - ,
, h. h - :
U = h11I + h12U, (4.29)
I = h21I + h22U. (4.30)
(4.29) (4.30) , . 4.13,.
. 4.13. h- () ().
h - :
-
h11 = ∆U /∆I U = const (4.31)
;
-
h12 = ∆U /∆U I = const (4.32)
10-3 10-4, .. , , ;
-
h21 = β = ∆I /∆I U = const (4.33)
;
-
h22 = ∆I /∆U I = const (4.34)
, 1/ h22 .
- (.4.14), h - :
; gN = βg; ; g = h22. (4.35)
. 4.14. -
gNU .