General
The different types of military aircraft are backbone of aircraft armament. Aviation forces of the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps are classified as bombers, fighter-bombers and attack acft, fighters, observation acft, reconnaissance acft, special electronic installation acft, cargo acft, helicopters, tankers and trainers according to their functions. These forces can quickly gain and sustain air superiority over regional aggressors, permitting rapid air attacks on enemy targets while providing security to exploit the air for logistics, command and control, intelligence, and other functions. Fighter/attack aircraft operate from land bases and aircraftcarriers and attack combat enemy fighters, ground and ship targets. Missile-carrier bombers make an intercontinental flight to strike surface targets on short notice. The specialized aircraft supporting conventional operations perform functions such as surveillance, airborne warning and control, air battle management, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, and combat search and rescue. The key components of the aviation force are fighter/attack aircraft and conventional bombers.
The F/A-18 "Hornet"
The F/A-18 "Hornet" is a supersonic, single seat (A and C models) or tandem seat (B and D models), twin engine, all weather, night, combined fighter and attack aircraft and can be refueled in flight. The F/A-18 multi-mission aircraft can operate from either aircraft carriers or land bases. The F/A-18 fills a variety of roles: air superiority, fighter escort, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, forward air control, close and deep air support, and day and night strike missions. Cockpit displays and avionics are thoroughly integrated to enhance crew situational awareness and mission capability in high threat, adverse weather/night environments. Cockpits are night vision goggle compatible. Multi-sensor integration and advanced data link capabilities further enhance situational awareness. In 1987, the upgraded C/D model (with enhanced mission avionics) was introduced and upgraded with a night/adverse weather mission capability, on board oxygen generating system, APG-73 radar upgrade, enhanced performance F404-GE-402 engines, and upgraded mission computers. F/A-18 maximum speed is Mach 1.7 at level flight at altitudes of 36,089 ft. The F/A-18 can carry up to 13,700 pounds of external ordnance. Weapon stations include: two wingtip stations for Sidewinders; two outboard wing stations for air-to-air or air-to-ground weapons; two inboard wing stations for fuel tanks, air-to-air, or air-to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage stations for AMRAAMs, Sparrows, or sensor pods; and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. The M61 Vulcan 6-barrel rotary cannon with 520 rounds of 20 mm ammunition is internally mounted in the nose. The combination of excellent thrust-to-weight ratio and maneuverability is an unmatched combat capability.
The B-2 Spirit
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The B-2 Spirit is a multi-role bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear munitions. A dramatic leap forward in technology, the bomber represents a major milestone in the U.S. bomber modernization program. The B-2 brings massive firepower, in a short time, anywhere on the globe, through previously impenetrable defenses. The revolutionary blending of low observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency gives the B-2 important advantages over existing bombers. Low observability provides greater freedom of action at high altitudes, increasing its range and field of view for the aircraft's sensors. The B-2's low observability is derived from a combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic, visual and radar signatures. Thus, it's difficult for defensive systems to detect, track and engage the B-2.
Aircraft Armament
Modern military aircraft are equipped with missiles, rockets, bombs and cannons.
The AGM-88 high-speed anti-radiation missile is a supersonic air-to-surface tactical missile designed to seek and destroy enemy radar-equipped air defense systems. The AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a target with minimum aircrew input. Guidance is provided through reception of signals emitted from ground-based threat radar. It has the capability of discriminating a single target from a number of emitters in the environment. The proportional guidance system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, dual-thrust rocket motor propels the missile. The Navy and Marine Corps F/A-18 and EA-6B have the capability to employ the AGM-88.
The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a supersonic, heat-seeking, air-to-air missile carried by fighter aircraft. It has a high-explosive warhead and an active infrared guidance system. The Sidewinder was developed by the US Navy for fleet air defense and was adapted by the U.S. Air Force for fighter aircraft use.
The AIM-120 advanced medium-range air-to-air missile is a new generation air-to-air missile. It has an all-weather, beyond-visual-range capability and is scheduled to be operational beyond 2000. AMRAAM is a supersonic, air launched, aerial intercept, guided missile employing active radar target tracking, proportional navigation guidance, and active radio frequency target detection. It employs active, semi-active, and inertial navigational methods of guidance to provide an autonomous launch and leave capability against single and multiple targets in all environments.
The MK-82 is a free-fall, non-guided general purpose 500-pound bomb. The bomb is usually equipped with the mechanical M904 (nose) and M905 (tail) fuses or FMU-113 radar-proximity air-burst fuse. The MK 80 series Low drag general purpose bombs are used in the majority of bombing operations where maximum blast and explosive effects are desired. LDGP bombs are designed to be aerodynamically streamlined. Their cases are relatively light and approximately 45 percent of their complete weight is explosive. General purpose bombs may use both nose and tail fuses and conical or retarded tail fins. Bombs are carried in bomb carriers. They are suspended under the fuselage, wings or within the fuselage in bomb bays and released by bomb released mechanism.
The CBU-87 combined effects munitions is an all-purpose, air-delivered cluster weapons system, consists of a SW-65 tactical munitions dispenser (TMD) with an optional FZU-39 proximity sensor. It is effective against armor, personnel and material.
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| s | Answer the questions |
1. How are aviation forces classified according to their functions?
2. What are aviation forces designed for?
3. What is the F/A-18 Hornet?
4. What missions are accomplished by the F/A-18 Hornet?
5. What can you say about the B-2 Spirit?
6. What are the B-2 advantages?
| > | Read, decipher and translate abbreviations |
mil acft; LDGP; TMD; AMRAAM; HARM; GBU; HTP; A; B; T; C; F; E; H; O; AC
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Aircraft; aircraft armament; fighter-bomber; fighter; reconnaissance aircraft; cargo aircraft; tanker; aircraft carrier; supersonic; all weather aircraft; air superiority; suppression of enemy air defenses; cockpit; multi-sensor integration; maximum speed; Mach number; weapon stations; fuel tanks; maneuverability; sensor pod; unmatched combat capability; high-speed antiradiation missile; guidance; emitter; radar emission; free-fall bomb; radar-proximity air-burst fuse; low drag general purpose bomb; retarded tail fin; fuselage; bomb bay; air-delivered cluster weapons system; airfoil group; adapter group; heat-seeking; active infrared guidance system; proportional navigation guidance; multiple targets; to permit rapid air attacks on enemy targets; to deliver a variety of firepower; to deliver both conventional and nuclear munitions; to be aerodynamically streamlined; key components of the aviation force; multi-mission aircraft; day and night strike missions; mission capability; enhanced performance; in altitude; 6-barrel rotary cannon; impenetrable defense; field of view; blast and explosive effects; tactical munitions dispenser; hard target penetrator; penetration capability; to extend the cook-off time; air launched; inertial navigational method of guidance; combat search and rescue operations; combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic, visual and radar signatures; smokeless; active guidance; to exploit the air for logistics, command and control, intelligence functions; to make an intercontinental flight; to perform surveillance, airborne warning and control functions; to bring massive firepower; to provide greater freedom of action at high altitude; to provide guidance through reception of signals emitted from a ground-based threat radar; to be suspended; to be operational (with).
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³ ; ; ; -; ; ; - ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ᒺ ; () ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; (); ; ; 㳿 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , (); ; .
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; non-guided bomb; general purpose bomb; ; tail fuse; ; bomb carrier; ; wing; ; released mechanism; , ; guided bomb unit; ; generator; ; guidance control unit; ; air-to-air missile; ; advanced medium-range air-to-air missile; ; radio frequency target detection; ; to gain and sustain air superiority over regional aggressor; ᒺ ; to strike surface targets on short notice; ; to be refueled in flight; ; to seek and destroy enemy radar-equipped air defense systems; ; to provide an autonomous launch; ; tandem seat; ; close and deep air support; ; night vision goggle; ; oxygen generating system; ; at level flight; ; centerline station; , ; dramatic leap forward in technology; ; ; blending of low observable technologies; ; seeker head; 䳿 ; combined effects munitions; ; optional proximity sensor; ; case of the bomb; ; thermal protective coating; ; beyond-visual-range capability; ; aerial intercept; - ; air battle management; - ; in a short time; , , , ; fixed antenna; ; target tracking; ; inertial navigational methods of guidance; - , , ; to attack ground and ship targets; ; to support conventional operations; , ; to enhance crew situational awareness and mission capability in high threat; ; to give important advantages over existing bombers; 䳿 ; to detect, track and engage; ; to home in on; ; to release the bomb; .
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AH-64D
AH-64D Hughes Helicopters - . 1975 . 1981 . .
AH-64 (590 165 䳿), 807 .
(army striking aviation) AH-64, . 207 . AH-64D (Longbow millimeter wave fire control radar) - AGM -114 11 1991 . (semi-active radar launch-and-leave system), , , є AIM-122 - - .
535 AH-64D 쳿 1996 .
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| : : , . , | Hellfire II; 16; 6; |
| , , . | XM230E-1; 30; 1190. |
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C-130 Hercules
In continuous production since the 1950s, the C-130/Hercules is one of the most capable air-lifters (- ) of all time. They carry troops, vehicles, and armament into battle. They drop paratroopers () and supplies. They serve as airborne () and ground refuelers (). They provide emergency evacuation and humanitarian relief. They do airborne early warning ( ) and maritime surveillance ( ). They wear skis during operations at both poles. In the history of aviation design, if there is a symbol for strength, durability (), and multi-mission success, surely it is the C-130/Hercules.
In its personnel carrier role, the C-130 can accommodate 92 combat troops or 64 fully equipped paratroops on side-facing seats.
Design Features
FUSELAGE: The fuselage is a semimonocoque (-) design and divided into a flight station and a cargo compartment. Seating is provided for each flight station. Loading is from the rear of the fuselage. Both the flight station and the cargo compartment can be pressurized to maintain a cabin pressure-altitude of 5000 feet at an aircraft altitude of 28,000 feet.
WINGS: The full cantilever () wing contains four integral main fuel tanks and two bladder-type auxiliary tanks ( ). Two external tanks are mounted under the wings. This gives the C-l 30 a total usable fuel capacity of approximately 9680 U.S. gallons.
EMPENNAGE ( ): A horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer, elevator, rudder, trim tabs (), and a tail cone ( ) make up the empennage. This section consists of an all-metal full cantilever () semimonocoque structure. It is bolted to the acft fuselage section.
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POWER PLANT: Four Allison turboprop engines ( ) are attached to the wings. The engine nacelles have cowl panels ( ).
PROPELLERS ( ): Four Hamiliton standard electro hydromantic, constant-speed ( ), full feathering (), reversible-pitch ( ) propellers are installed on each engine.
LANDING GEAR () AND BRAKES: The modified tricycle-type landing gear ( ) consists of dual nose gear wheels and tandem mains. The brakes are hydraulically () operated multiple-disc () type. The braking system incorporates differential braking ( ) and parking brake ( ) control.
OIL: The C-130 has four independent oil systems with a 12 gallon capacity for each engine.
FUEL: The fuel system consists of a modified manifold-flow type (- ).
AIR CONDITIONING ( ) AND PRESSURIZATION (): Two independent air conditioning systems for the flight deck ( ) and cargo compartment are operated from engine bleed air in flight and by the GTC/APU on the ground.
FLIGHT CONTROLS: The primary flight control system consists of conventional aileron, elevator, and rudder systems.
WING FLAPS: The wing flaps are lockheed-fowler type (- ) and are of conventional design and construction. Normal operation is by hydraulic motor. Emergency operation is by manual crank ( ).
ANTI-ICING: Engine bleed air (, ) is used for anti-icing the wing and empennage leading edges, the radome (), and engine inlet air ducts (). Electrical heat provides anti-icing for the propellers, windshield, and pitot tubes ().
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