Promoting peace and security is generally construed as a broad and complex topic. This complexity is partially manifested in terminology, which is often too broad or vague to understand. It creates numerous challenges for multinational communication and for interpreters and translators in particular.
Generally, one can identify three comprehensive categories of military and nonmilitary activities aimed at maintaining international peace and security. They are: operations in support of diplomatic efforts, military operations other than war, and peace operations.
Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts [26]
Operations in support of diplomatic effortsare conductedto establish peace and order before, during, and after conflict. These are preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace building.
Preventive diplomacy consists of diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence.An example of military support to preventive diplomacy is the preventive deployment operation ABLE SENTRY, where US forces deployed in 1993 in support of the UN effort to limit the spread of fighting in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Peacemaking is the process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement that arranges an end to a dispute and resolves the issues that led to conflict. Military support to the peacemaking process may include provision of military expertise to the peacemaking process, military-to-military relations, security assistance, or other activities to influence the disputing parties to seek a diplomatic settlement.
Peace building consists of postconflict actions, predominately diplomatic, economic, and security-related, that strengthen and rebuild governmental infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. Initially, intervening forces may have to assume governing functions and rebuild absent government institutions prior to transitioning to traditional peace building actions. The military force may facilitate demobilization, arms limitation, referenda, national reconciliation, elections, or creation of new governments.
Military Operations Other Than War [27]
According to the US views, military operations other than war (MOOTW) encompass the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. MOOTW can be applied to complement any combination of the other instruments of national power.
To understand MOOTW, it is useful to understand how they differ from operations in war. Although MOOTW and war may often seem similar in action, MOOTW focus on deterring war and promoting peace while war encompasses large-scale, sustained combat operations to achieve national objectives or to protect national interests. MOOTW are more sensitive to political considerationsand often the military may not be the primary player.
MOOTW are initiated by the National Command Authorities and are usually, but not always, conducted outside of the United States. All military personnel should understand the political objective and the potential impact of inappropriate actions. Commanders should remain aware of changes not only in the operational situation, but also of changes in political objectives that may warrant a change in military operations.
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Types of MOOTW [28]
The main purpose of arms control is to enhance national security. U.S. military personnel may be involved in an arms control treaty, or escorting authorized deliveries of weapons and other materials to preclude loss or unauthorized use of these assets.
Combating terrorism. These measures are both offensive (counterterrorism) and defensive (antiterrorism) in nature. The former typically occurs outside the territory of the United States, while the latter may occur anywhere in the world.
Support to counterdrug operations includes detection and monitoring, support to cooperative foreign governments, support for drug interdiction, support to drug enforcement agencies, internal drug prevention and C4I support.
The main objective of nation assistance is to assist a host nation (HN) with programs to promote stability, develop sustainability, and establish institutions responsive to the needs of the people. The primary means of providing nation assistance is through security assistanceand foreign internal defense. Security assistance (SA) refers to a group of programs that provides defense articles and services, including training, to foreign countries that further U.S. national security objectives. Foreign internal defense (FID) supports a HNs fight against lawlessness, subversion, and insurgency.
The purpose of noncombatant evacuation operations (NEO) is to safely and quickly remove civilian noncombatants from an area outside the United States where they are, or may be, threatened.
Civil support operations encompass worldwide humanitarian assistance, military support to civil authorities and military assistance for civil disturbances.
U.S. support to insurgencies can be overt, low visibility, clandestine, or covert. It is provided to an organized movement aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and armed conflict[29]. Support to counterinsurgency is provided to a government in the military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions it undertakes to defeat insurgency. Each support program is conducted as a special activity within the meaning of section 3.4 (h) of Executive Order 12333, 4 December 1981, U.S. Intelligence Activities, and is subject to approval by the U.S. Congress.
Plans for MOOTW are prepared in a similar manner as plans for war. Of particular importance in the planning process is the development of a clear definition, understanding, and appreciation for all potential threats. Commanders should always plan to have the right mix of forces available to quickly transition to combat operations or evacuate.
| s | Answer the questions |
1. What measures aimed at maintaining peace and security do you know?
2. What are the main types of operations in support of diplomatic efforts?
3. Can you explain the meaning of the term mediation?
4. What is the difference between peacemaking and peace building?
5. In what manner do MOOTW differ from war?
| > | Read, decipher and translate abbreviations |
MOOTW; NCA; C4I; HN; SA; FID; NEO
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| Translate into Ukrainian |
Preserving peace and security; multinational communication; maintaining international peace and security; to establish peace and order; diplomatic actions; to prevent or limit violence; to resolve the issues; provision of military expertise; to seek a diplomatic settlement; to avoid a relapse into conflict; the use of military capabilities; short of war; large-scale combat operations; to encompass sth; to protect national interests; National Command Authorities (NCA); changes in the operational situation; arms control treaty; unauthorized use; detection; support to cooperative foreign governments; command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I); to develop sustainability; to response to the needs of the people; humanitarian assistance; military assistance for civil disturbances; to be subject to approval by the US Congress; to quickly transition to combat operations; the use of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war; internal drug prevention.
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| Translate into English |
ϳ ; ; ; , ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
| ó | N | O | 
| Translate quickly |
Operations in support of diplomatic efforts; ; preventive deployment operation; peacemaking; ; mediation; ; peaceful settlement; ; peace building; ; intervening forces; ; arms limitation; ; referenda; ; military operations other than war; ; deterring war; ; combat operations; ; potential impact of inappropriate actions; ; combating terrorism; ; antiterrorism; ; drug interdiction; ; host nation; ; foreign internal defense; ; noncombatant evacuation operations; ; support to insurgency; ; preventive diplomacy; ; diplomacy; ; negotiation; ; diplomatic settlement; ; postconflict actions; ; demobilization; ; referendum; ; national reconciliation; ; instruments of national power; ; promoting peace; ; political objectives; ; arms control; ; counterterrorism; ; counterdrug operations; ; nation assistance; ; security assistance; ; lawlessness; ; civil support operations; ; support to counterinsurgency.
| A | Build up your vocabulary |
peace
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just peace
universal peace
lasting /stable/ peace
world peace ,
peace with honour
peace at any price -
to make peace ) ; )
to make n's peace with sb -
The peace
breach of the peace
to keep the peace
to break the peace
;
peace in the home
peace of mind
peace of the evening
in peace //
for n's own peace of mind
to leave sb in peace ;
| N | Translate at sight |
, , [30]. . 糿, , . . ֳ - . , , .
: ( , , ), .
䳿 , - , () , . (Ѫ, ).
, : , , . .
| O | Translate by ear |
MOOTW contribute to attainment of national security objectives by ensuring deterrence, forward presence, and crisis response[31].
Deterrence stems from the belief of a potential aggressor that a credible threat of retaliation exists. Thus, a potential aggressor is reluctant to act for fear of failure, cost, or consequences. Threats directed against the United States, allies, or other friendly nations ranging from terrorism to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) require the maintenance of a full array of response capabilities. Peace enforcement, strikes and raids are all examples of MOOTW that support deterrence by demonstrating national resolve to use force when necessary.
Forward presence activities enhance regional stability, and provide a crisis response capability while promoting US influence. Forward presence activities include forces stationed overseas and afloat, periodic and rotational deployments, access and storage agreements, port visits, and foreign community support, to name a few.
Crisis response is when US forces are able to respond rapidly either unilaterally or as a part of a multinational effort. This response may include, for example, employment of overwhelming force in peace enforcement, a single precision strike, or emergency support to civil authorities.
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, , [32].
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. , . , .
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| ó | Act as an interpreter |
| ? | MOOTW focus on deterring war, resolving conflict, promoting peace, and supporting civil authorities in response to domestic crises. |
| ? | MOOTW may involve elements of both combat and noncombat operations. They are conducted in peacetime, conflict, and war situations. |
| , ? | All military operations are driven by political considerations. However, MOOTW are more sensitive to such considerations. We can say that political considerations permeate all levels and the military may not be the primary player. |
| , ? | The purposes for conducting MOOTW may be multiple. For example, to deter potential aggressors, protect national interests, support the United Nations, or provide humanitarian assistance. However, as in war, the goal of MOOTW is to achieve national objectives as quickly as possible. |
| ? | In MOOTW the Department of Defense can be in either a support role to another agency or operate as the lead agency. |
Lesson 6 Peace operations
| < | 
| Active terms and expressions |
| peace operations (PO) | |
| international community | |
| conciliation | |
| mediation | |
| adjudication | ; |
| enforcement actions | 䳿 |
| gray area | ; |
| unilateral operation | |
| multinational operation | |
| joint task force (JTF) | - |
| mandate | |
| status-of-forces agreement (SOFA) | |
| terms of reference (TOR) | ( ) |
| rules of engagement (ROE) | ( ) |
| peacekeeping (PK) | |
| peacekeeping operations (PKO) | |
| peace enforcement (PE) | |
| peace enforcement operations (PEO) | |
| ceasefire | |
| truce | ; |
| firmness | |
| impartiality | |
| clarity of intention | |
| anticipation | |
| consent | |
| integration | ; /ᒺ |
| freedom of movement | |
| PK military forces | |
| multinational staff | |
| military observers | |
| PK force headquarters | |
| personal staff | |
| civilian staff | |
| belligerent parties | |
| parties to a dispute | |
| interstate conflicts | |
| intrastate conflicts | |
| coercion | |
| exclusion zone | ; |
| humanitarian assistance (HA) |
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| to address threats to peace and security | |
| to reach a long-term political settlement | |
| peace enforcers | |
| forcible separation of belligerent parties |
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| Prepare translation of the main text |
Peace Operations
(US Views)
Peace operations (PO) are a type of MOOTW. US doctrine is consistent with the doctrine of many nations in recognizing the important but limited role of military forces in the creation of peace in todays turbulent world. That peace is a product of the will of the parties to a conflict. Influencing that will requires the concurrent application of all the instruments of national and international power military, diplomatic, economic, and informational. These instruments are closely linked with the conduct of PO.
There are no standard PO, each having a unique setting with its own political, diplomatic, geographic, economic, cultural, and military characteristics. All US military PO support strategic and policy objectives.
The UN Charter provides several means for the international community to address threats to peace and security. Chapter VI of the Charter addresses peaceful means of establishing or maintaining peace through conciliation, mediation, adjudication, and diplomacy. Chapter VII provides the UNSC with a wide range of enforcement actions, from diplomatic and economic measures to the extensive application of armed force. Although the terms peacekeeping and peace enforcement are not in the UN Charter, they generally describe actions taken under Chapter VI and Chapter VII, respectively. The US Constitution, the UN Charter, and US law and policy provide the legal underpinnings for US participation in PO. Although the US will normally participate in PO under the sponsorship of the UN or other multinational organization, it reserves the right to conduct PO unilaterally. Because of the dynamic nature of the PO mission, changesmay occur and gray areas can develop requiring close political-military communication and coordination, assessments of the situation and threat, and prior contingency planning for practical requirements.
The United States may participate in PO under various command and control (C2) arrangements. These arrangements might include a unilateral US operation, a multinational operation with the United States as the lead nation, or a multinational operation with the United States as a participant or in support. For both unilateral and multinational operations, US forces will probably bestructured asa joint task force (JTF). The composition of the JTF will depend on the mission, political objectives, and the threat.
PO take place under different circumstances characterized by three critical factors: consent, impartiality, and use of force. Key documentsin PO include the mandate, status-of-forces agreement (SOFA), terms of reference (TOR), and rules of engagement (ROE). PO encompass peacekeeping operations and peace enforcementoperations.
