..
1:
, 2010
1-1
.
:
β = (1/)(∂/∂)V (1)
β 1 .
β
β = (1/)(∂/∂)V,
0 - 00 .
β
PoV = RT. (2)
V :
(∂/∂)V =R/V. (3)
(2) (3) (1) :
β = 1/. (4)
, . , = = 273
β = β = (1/273)-1
β0, :
() = [ 1+ β (-)], (5)
( =273 ).
( ), ( ) .
(.1), , 2. V 3. ( ) , .. . 1 3-4 . 4. (90 - 100 0) , .
.1. : 1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - .
1. (400 500 ) .
2. ¾.
3. ( ) 100 . (2) . , .
|
|
4. , . 4, .. t, 0C, Δh = 0.
5. , 2 70 . 1 - 3-4 , ; . , , . .
(∂/∂)V , , t2, , , 100 . Δh2, , .
6. .5, , , +130. 70 , .
7. ( )
= + h
, ( ...), 1.
8. Δh = f(t) βi βi = (1/i)tgαi, (1). 1.
1.
Δh, | ti, 0C | , ... | βi | Ti, | 1/Ti | β | |
9. (4) βi = f(1/Ti), βi - , , β= 1/Ti . .
β = 273 .
10. .
5.
1. α, β, . ?
2. , ν1 ν2, β1 β2?
3. 280 105 . , , , 49 ? 4 2. .
|
|
4. , = 0 e-βV.
5. β -- β .
1-2
.
α 1 = const
α = (1/V)(∂/∂) (1)
PV = (m/) RT (2)
ν = m/ .
(2) ,
(∂/∂) = ν R. (3)
(1), (2) (3)
α = 1/ (4)
:
α = (1/V0)(∂/∂), (5)
V0 - 0 = 273 .
(5) V()
V = V[1+α (-o)] (6)
(6) ( -). (, .) .
- 1.
. 1. :1 ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4, 5- .
1, , , (H2SO4) (g). . 2, . 3 4, . 5, .
1. 800 ( ). . , ℓ ( ) . 100 , ( ). 1.
1.
,0 | |||||||
ℓ, |
2. , ,0, - ℓn ℓ. ( ℓ) αi .
3. αi = f(1/Ti) α, α , α = (1/Ti) . .
4.
1. . . (, V).
2. ?
3. , = + V2, 0 , V . , V.
|
|
4. 80 . . 22 . ?
5. , 5 ? .
6. V = 20 t = 200 2 . m = 5 . .
7. --. .
1-3
1.
/V (-).
, , - . . : δQ, , dU δ :
δQ = dU + δ (1)
, .
( ) .
, , , .
, . , .
, V , ( -):
ƒ (P,V,T) = 0. (2)
, , , (, V ) . , .
() , .
() , .
, .
δQ, d. , , :
C = δQ/ d(3)
, , :
m= (1/m).
, , . CV P.
|
|
δ = P dV , U. V dU dT.
Cv = (∂U/∂T)V (4)
, , δ . , ( ), ,
P = (δQ/ d)P = (∂U/∂T)P + (∂V/∂T)P (5)
(2) : PV = RT. (5) (∂V/∂T)P = R/P. :
P V = R.
P, V .
, (, ).
,
V (
)
PV γ = const, γ = /V, (6)
γ .
γ , ( , ).
i , , .
, , (X, , Z). , , (10-13 ). .
, , , . , . , , X Y (. 1). Z , .. , .
Z
X
. 1. X Y.
, , , : .
, :
E = ½ k
k = 1,3810-23 / .
, , , . , E = ½ k, i Ei = (i/2) k.
U = (1/2) kN, N = 6,02*1023 -1 .
, , kN= R, R = 8,31 /K , :
U = (i/2)RT.
U, CV :
CV = (i/2)R (7)
CP CV = R, CP:
CP = R (i+2)/2. (8)
γ:
γ = CP / CV = (i+2)/i (9)
, N2 O2, i = 5, γ = 1,4.