5 0,05 45 50 0,005 . - 11,7
f = 0,9
OH- = 0,005 * 0,9 = 0,0045
pOH = - lg 0,0045 = 2,35
pH = 11,6
h = (0,01/11,6) * 100% = 0,086%
6. .
) . .
, , . , 1, . , .
1.
( ) | , | |||
(1,12,8) | () | 1,0 2,5 | 4,0 2,5 | 2,3 2,9 |
(3,04,4) | 3,5 4,0 4,5 | 1,5 1,0 0,5 | 3,3 3,5 3,9 | |
(4,26,3) | 1,0 2,5 3,5 4,0 4,5 | 4,0 2,5 1,5 1,0 0,5 | 4,1 4,7 5,1 5,3 5,7 | |
(6,07,6) (6,5 8,0) | 1,0 2,5 3,5 4,0 4,5 | 4,0 2,5 1,5 1,0 0,5 | 6,2 6,8 7,2 7,4 7,7 |
) .
, 1, -, 3 - . 5 , 3 .
. (. . 1), . . , .
2.
2
( ) | ||||||
() | ||||||
- | ||||||
7. - 2.
|
|
) ʖ2 .
:
7 6 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
1. , (5) (8), (7) ( ).
2. - . , .
3. 15 . .
4. (6) 440 , (3) 315540. 5 . (3) () , , .4 .
5. n0. . 5 . (0). n0, 0. n0 , . , 0.001 1.000, . 15 . .
) .
1. ( 10 ) 1 , 1 , ( ), 0.5 ().
2. (. 3). , ( ) .
3
/ | |||
I. | a- | 4,05 | 2,84,5 |
2. | γ- | 5,15 | 4,05,5 |
3. | - | 6,18 | 5,27,0 |
4. | - | 8,31 | 6,78,4 |
3. 1 6 , 2 6 (). ( 1 ) 1 . .
4. ( "" ) (. ), ( "") ( 1), ( "") ( 2), .
: . . .
|
|
) ( 5 ).
(. ), ( 1 ).
. (4) "1" ( ).
"" "/". , "" . 5 .
"(1)". "1". , ( ).
(4) "1" "2" ( ).
"(5)". "5", 5 . .. 4.
. ( 2) ., ). .
.
1. "" , .
2. () .
3. , . . .
:
1. α =
2. = + lg , (. . 3).
1. 4:
4
1. | ||
(, , ) | ||
3. | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ──── .= | |
4. | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ──── .= | |
5. | α | |
6. |
1. , , 45. ? (. .3).
2. , , 3. . ?
3. ?
4. 8.41. ?
5. = 1 ∙ 10-6. - , = 0.01 /.
6. (H2SO4) = 0.2 / () = 0.6 /. .
7. = 10-2 / 1∙10-3 /. .
|
|
8. , 5 = 5
(. - = 4.73, 0.2 /).
9. -
6∙10-4 /. , , = 1.52.5.
10. 6 7. - .
4
. . .
, .
, , , .. .
, .
(), (, ) . .
. :
1. . , (%), ( %) (ˉ1). , , , c 100 .
2. , , . ‑ /3, /.
3. 1 . /, /3.
4. ( ), , . - /3, ( /). , 1 /, 1 ; 0,5 /, 0,5 .
5. ( ) () (). /. , (KOH) = 1 /, (1/2H2SO4) = 1 /, (1/3 AlCl3) = 1 /. 1 1 , 1 .
6. b - ( ) m . - /. , b (HCl/H2O) = 2 /.
7. . , (%), ( %) (-1).
, : , .
, . , . (.1).
.
. , , . . , . . , 2-3 , , . , . , () , . , . , , 5 , .
|
|
, ..
. 1
- ; ; .
. 0,1 . . . , , . , . , , . .
(.2)
. 2
1. (%) .
, - , ρ = m / v. , (%) .
. (.3).
, , , ( ). , - , , . , . .1.
. 3
. . 1 [ % () ].
1.
.
, % | *10-3, /3, | -, % | *10-3, /3, | ||
100 | 200 | 100 | 200 | ||
1,0071 | 1,0053 | 1,1049 | 1,1008 | ||
1,0144 | 1,0125 | 1,1127 | 1,1065 | ||
1,0218 | 1,0196 | 1,1206 | 1,1162 | ||
1,0292 | 1,0268 | 1,1285 | 1,1241 | ||
1,0366 | 1,0340 | 1,1364 | 1,1319 | ||
1,0441 | 1,0413 | 1,1445 | 1,1398 | ||
1,0516 | 1,0486 | 1,1525 | 1,1478 | ||
1,0591 | 1,0559 | 1,1607 | 1,1559 | ||
1,0666 | 1,0633 | 1,1689 | 1,1639 | ||
1,0742 | 1,0707 | 1,1772 | 1,1722 | ||
1,0819 | 1,0782 | 1,1856 | 1,1804 | ||
1,0895 | 1,0857 | 1,1940 | 1,1888 | ||
1,0972 | 1,0933 | 1,2025 | 1,1972 |
, 250 5% . 250. 100 . . , . . δ
|
|
δ = %,
,
1- .
, . 2.
2.
, (%) | ,ρ, /3 | , | , ρ, /3 | δ | ||||||
NaCl | H2O | |||||||||
, % | , | , | T, / | |||||||
1. 0,5 20% H2SO4, , 1,84 /3.
, 1,84 /3 96% H2SO4, 20% 1,14 /3.
, .
500 1,14 = 570 , H2SO4
.
, 96% 114 H2SO4:
1 H2SO4
114 H2SO4
, 500 20% H2SO4 64,6 96% .
,
2. .
, , .
2. 100 36% H3PO4, 44% 24% .
I :
44% , (100-) 24% 100 36% H3PO4. :
, 60 44% 100 - = 40 24% .
II :
" ". 44, 24, - 36 , 12: 8 = 3: 2 .
, 100 36% 60 44% 40 24% .
1,285 /3 ( 24% ) , :
44% H3PO4
24% H3PO4
" " :
;
- ;
- , .
. 250 10 % , 15 % 5 % NaCl.
15 % 5 % (. 2). , 250 , , . , .1 ( %). . δ.
3. . .
. 250 . . . , , , , . . . 3-4 . . . . 1 ( %) , . 250 .
. ρ=1,0053/3 . 1% . , 100 1 NaCl. 250
=
, 100 1 NaCl, , NaCl 201,315 :
100 - 1 NaCl
201,315 - NaCl
= NaCl
, NaCl 2,0131 .
5
, .
(, HCOOH + HCOONa) (, NH4OH + NH4Cl). , . , , NaHCO3 Na2CO3, , .
. :
CH3COOH ↔ CH3COO- + H+.
:
K = , (1)
.
:
. (2)
, .
,
CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+,
, .
(2) [CH3COOH] .
:
CH3COO- + H2O ↔ CH3COOH + OH-.
, -. , - [CH3COO-] .
. (3)
pH = pK + lg . (4)
( ) . , .
, :
. (5)
pOH = pK + lg ;
pH = 14 POH;
pH = 14 pK lg . (6)
(3) , , . .
, ( ), .
, :
1. , (3), , ;
2. ( ).
, 1 , :
B = , (7)
B , /;
ν ( ), ;
(pH2 pH1) pH ( );
V , ();
CK ( ), /;
VK ( ), ().
.
1. .
0.1 /, .
, | () | ( 4.26.3) | ||
3 0.1 | 3Na 0.1 / | |||
0.5 0.2 | 9.5 9.8 |
3 , , , . .
(+) ( ), . (+) . , . 10 (1 CH3COONa = 1 ), 0. , 3, 3 7 ( = 2 ).
.
, 3 4.5 (3) = 0.1 / 3Na 5.5 (3Na) = 0.1 /
(+) = ∙ = ∙
= -lg C(H+), = -lg + lg
= -lg(1,8 ∙ 10-5) + lg = -(lg1,8 5) + 0,0872 =
=4,83194,83
:
(+) .
.
2. .
0 ( ).
10 . 2 Na (1NaOH) = 0.1 / - , 8.4 (). 1 HCl = 0.1 / - , 3.4 ().
() () . .
= , /; = , /
V, V ( ) , V ;
, .
:
0 ; V, ; V, ; , , ( ), .
, .
(0 V) , .
(0), .
0 = , /;
(+) 0 .
(+).
(+) 0 = 5,6.
= lg C(H+) = 5,6; lgC(H+) = 5,6; C(H+) = 10-5,6 = 2,51 ∙ 10-6 /.
, .. .
= (+)
3,7 | 3,14,4 | |
5,1 | 4,26,3 | |
- | 5,27,0 | |
9,7 | 8,310,0 |
1. , 500
0.1 / 100 0.5 /, (3) = 4.75.
2. , , 7.2 ∙ 10-6.
3. : ) , ) ?
4. 0.6 / 0.2 /, 200 = 5.2, (3) = 4.75.
5. , , 0.1 , 1 0.05 N (N 4) = 4.74.
6. , , (23) = 6.14.
7. 20 2 l 0.02 /. 7.4 7.0. .
8. = 2.0, 10 8 N 0.1 /.
9. : ) + N; ) N + N3;
) N3 + N3; ) l + N3; ) 3 + 3N; ) N3 + l.
10. ?
11. , ?
6
. .