(∆) (∆) , :
| I. 1) OH+HNO3 2) NH4OH+HNO3 . | IV. 1) KOH+HCl 2) KOH+CH3COOH |
| II. 1) NaOH+HNO3 2) NaOH+CH3COOH | V. 1) NaOH+HCl 2) NaOH+CH3COOH |
| III. 1) NaOH+HCl 2) NH4OH+HCl . | VI. 1) OH+HNO3 2) NaOH+CH3COOH |
50 100 2. , 0,10.
50 2. .
t .
. t.
, .
.
.
| / | t, 0 | t, 0 | t, 0 | t, 0 | ∆t, 0 | c1, / | m1, | c2, / | m2, | ∑cimi, / | Q, | |
, , :
Q=(tK-tH)∑C; (2)
tK ;
tH ;
∑C , .
∑C=c1m1+c2m2, (3)
1 m1 ;
2 m2 , .
(3) :
− 1=0,753/;
− () 2=4,186/;
− () ρ=1/, V-=V-+V.
, , (2).
Q, 1- 2- , 1 :
I :
, γ=∙V.
[/]
:
; Δ0. .= 57,22 /.
II :
.
Δ0.
1. .
2. :
I : -
) Q .
) 
) .
II : -
) Q .
|
|
|
) .
) Δ0. .
1. ? ?
2. , ?
3. () ? :
) 22; ) 2SO4; ) 2; ) 3; ) 3.
4. , Δ0 :
) () + 2() = 3();
) () + 2l2() = l4();
) F4() = () + 2F2();
) u2S() + 22() = 2u() + SO2().
5. 0,5 2 196,7 . 2 (/).
6. :
) 4NH3() + 52() = 4NO() + 62();
) Fe23() + 3() = 2Fe() + 32();
) 34() + 2() + 22() = 4() + 82().
3
. , . :
H2O ↔ H+ + OH¯
2H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH¯
, . , H+ OH¯, :
, [H2O] 55,56 .
[H2O] = [H+] [OH¯]=1.8*10-16*55.56
[H+] [OH¯]=1*10-14
= [H+] [OH¯]=1*10-14
H+ OH¯, 10-7 /: [H+]=[OH¯]= 
/
, H+ OH¯, .
, H+ OH¯, .
[H+]>[OH¯]>10-7
, H+ OH¯, .
[H+]<[OH¯]<10-7
, .
) [H+]=[OH¯]=10-7 /
) [H+]>[OH¯]>10-7 / ( 10-4)
) [H+]<[OH¯]<10-7 / ( 10-12)
H+ . H+, . pH:
H = - lg [H+]
)
= -lg 10-7 = 7
)
|
|
|
<7, = -lg10-4 = 4
)
>7, =-lg10-12 = 12
| [H+] | 1,0 | 10-3 | 10-4 | 10-6 | 10-7 | 10-8 | 10-9 | 10-10 | 10-11 | 10-14 |
| () | - | - |
14 < < 0
+ = 14
, . , . : , , .
