.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


- j-




-.

, AB, BA, , .

:

1) =

= =

= ;

2) = (8, 4).

AB BA , , , . , . .

.

:

1) A + B = B + A;

2) a (A + B) = a A + a B;

3) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C);

4)(AB) C = A (BC);

5) A (B + C) = AB + AC.

, , (-). , , (-).

A = (aij) m ´ n, n - - X m- - B:

; .

AX = B, (1)

, :

.

, (1) m n . , , , .

:

.

X,

AX = D.

, X , A D:

.

, :

;

; (2)

.

(2) , ,

.

, , .

- .

- . , :

.

, -, ( a 22 ¹ 0) . , 5, , 2. , 5, , 1 2

.

, . , , . 5

. (3)

- ( ) , , .

(3), , (2). : x 11=2; x 21=5; x 31=10. , (3), (2): x 12=2; x 22=1; x 32=3. , , , (3), (2): x 13=3; x 23=4; x 33=12.

: (3) X.

.

.

, . A + (1) A = 0. 0 , A.

n , , , , . :

aij = 1 i = j;

aij = 0 i ¹ j.

, (3) .

, , E:

.

: EA = AE = A. A , A E .

A . A A 1, :

AA 1 = A 1 A = E.

, A 1 , A. , .

:

.

,

,

, , -. , ,

.

-, :

Þ Þ

Þ Þ (4)

, , ,

.

, , n.

n ´ 2 n, n , n . - , , . 1.

- , 1 .

. .

:

.

x 1 : x 2, a 22 , a 12:

. (1)

D = a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21, D1 = b 1 a 22 b 2 a 12.

x 2 : a 11 , a 21:

(a 11 a22 a 12 a 21) x 2 = a 11 b 2 a 21 b 1. (2)

D2 = a 11 b 2 a 21 b 1.

(1) (2) , D ¹ 0, [1],

. (3)

D

.

,

, , : a 11 a 22 a 12 a 21.

,

.

, D1 D2 (3) :

.

:

. (4)

. , , : , : , "+", , : , "-". :

.

,

 

(4), ,

x 1 = D1; D× x 2 = D2; D× x 3 = D3, (5)

.

(5) , D ¹ 0, :

.

4-, 5- , , (1), (2) (5).

n - n - . ( , , , , .)

n! ( ): n ( ) , n! 1 n.

n! = 1×2×3×¼×(n 1) n.

,

5! = 1×2×3×4×5 = 120.

: "" "" A det A.

n- n! . n, [2]. ( .)

" + " "-". , ,

.

1- , 2- .., :

a 1 i × a 2 j × a 3 k ×¼× ans.

i, j, k, ¼, s , , 1-, 2-, 3-,... n - , . , i, j, k, ¼, s - 1, 2,..., n, i, j, k, ¼, s .

i, j, k, ¼, s,

"" 1, 2,..., n ( ).

, . , ; .

, , .

: a 1 i × a 2 j × a 3 k ×¼× ans "+", , "-", .

.





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:

:

, - , ; , - .
==> ...

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