1. ( ):
Education in Russia
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too. Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; secondary education including intermediate school for ages 10-11 to 1213 inclusive, and senior school for ages 1314 to 1415 inclusive. If a pupil of a secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a "core curriculum" of academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, a foreign language and others. Lyceums and gymnasiums offer programs giving a profound knowledge in some field of study.
After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter an institute or a university. After finishing the 1lth form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go on in higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Higher education institutions, that is, institutes or universities, offer a 5-year programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a postgraduate course. If one finishes a postgraduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate's degree or a doctoral degree. Many universities have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs.
Education in this country is free at most schools. There are some private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Students of institutes and universities get scholarships. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education.
a citizen of
the right to education
to be guaranteed by the Constitution
a duty
compulsory -
inclusive
compulsory schooling
primary education
secondary education
intermediate school
senior school
to go on in higher education
a core curriculum
to give a profound knowledge
a vocational school
a technical school
to receive a profession
to enter an institute or a university
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an applicant
to take competitive examinations
an undergraduate
a postgraduate course
a candidate's degree
a doctoral degree
an evening department
an extramural department
free
to get a scholarship
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3. :
1. What does the phrase the right to education mean?
2. Why is education a duty, too?
3. What subjects do pupils study at school?
4. What can young people do after finishing the 9th form?
5. What can young people do after finishing the 11th form?
6. What is necessary for entering a higher education establishment?
7. What degrees can one get at a higher education establishment?
8. Do people in Russia have to pay for education?
4. , ( ):
International; laboratory; achievements; researches; possibilities; conditions; founder.
The oldest university in Russia was opened on April 26, 1755. Its history is closely connected with the name of its 1_____ the great Russian scientist and poet M. V. Lomonosov. At the early days of its history Moscow University was housed in a small building in Red Square. There were lecture halls, rooms for studies as well as the first chemical 2_____ in Russia founded by Lomonosov.
It is difficult to say in detail about all the 3_____ provided by the complex of modern buildings of the University constructed on the Lenin Hills. It is sufficient to say that the main building of the University is 32 stories high and has more than a thousand lecture halls, a great number of rooms for studies, libraries, dining-rooms and other necessary facilities ( ) as well. A great number of laboratories provided with up-to-date equipment improve the 4_____ of learning and research. The history of Moscow University is connected with the names of the greatest Russian and Soviet scientists who were its students and graduates. For young men and women Moscow University opens the road to the latest 5_____ in science, technology and culture, to working on problems that are of much importance for mankind.
Moscow University is a recognized leading centre of Russian and world science. Serious and significant 6_____ are conducted by its scientists and students. Its influence upon world science and education is deep and permanent (). Today research is becoming increasingly 7_____ and Moscow University is steadily widening its contacts with the leading universities in other countries.
Sport in My Life
1. ( ):
Sport is popular among young and old people all over the world. It is an exiting creative sphere of hard work and competition. Sport makes people healthy, more organized and better disciplined, keeps them fit.
Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning and train themselves in clubs and take part in sport competitions. Every week thousands of people do sports and millions watch sports programmes on TV, read sport news in newspapers and listen to sport reports on the radio. They go in for skiing, skating, table tennis, swimming, volley-ball, football, body-building, etc. All necessary facilities are provided for them: stadiums, sport grounds, swimming pools, skating rinks, skiing stations, football fields. Sport makes a person's character. It's a way to meet other people. Sport unites people of different classes and nationalities.
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Risk sports (or action sports) are one of the fastest growing leisure activities. Daredevils try anything from organised bungee jumps to illegally jumping off buildings. These people never feel so alive as when they are risking their lives.
So why do some people's lives seem to be dominated by the 'thrill factor', while others ate perfectly happy to sit at home by the fire? Some say that people who do risk sports are reacting against a society which they I feel has become dull. David Lewis, a psychologist, believes that people today crave adventure. In an attempt to guarantee safety, our culture has eliminated risk. 'The world has become a safe place,' says Lewis. 'People used to be able to seek adventure by hunting wild animals, or taking part in expeditions. Now they turn to risk sports as an escape. '
Risk sports have a positive side as well. They help people to overcome fears that affect them in their real lives. This makes risk sports particularly valuable for executives in office jobs who need to stay alert so that they can cope when things go wrong. They learn that being frightened doesn't mean they can't be in control.
Risk-taking has other benefits. The best cure for a stressful working life may not be a week flat-out on a beach; emptying the mind merely leaves it open for occupation by the home stresses which you brought with you.
Action sports offer an escape, one where you learn very quickly: in one week or even in one weekend you can learn more about yourself than you did all year. All inner fears disappear in tine burn of concentration demanded by learning to fly, dive, ride or climb. The pride earned through jumping from an airplane at 12,000 feet, or learning to roll a canoe, will stay with you for life.
As for me I go in for table tennis (ping-pong). It needs mobility, liveliness and much energy. It keeps a person in a good form. I have been playing tennis for five years, but the more I play the more I like it. I get a real joy taking part in competitions or simply playing with my friends. Sometimes I go to tennis courts. Certainly, it's a great distance between my manner of playing and such favourites as Boris Becker but I do my training with great pleasure and hope to play as well as our best players do.
| to jog to go in for a leisure activity a daredevil dull , a psychologist to crave adventure | to eliminate , to seek an escape an executive a benefit to empty inner fears liveliness to do ones training |
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3. Sport:
1. Why do people go in for sport?
2. Is sport popular in Russia?
3. What kinds of sport do you know?
4. What sport do you go in for?
5. What sports do you like doing?
6. Are there any sporting societies, clubs or complexes in Murmansk?
7. Do you like watching sport on TV?
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8. Have you ever taken part in any sport competition?
9. If your Institute asked you to be in a team, would you try to back out ()?
10. What team are you supporting? ( ?)
11. Do you think you'll ever take up a dangerous sport?
12. What extreme sports would you like to try?
13. What extreme sports couldn't you go through with?
14. Have you ever watched extreme sports on TV?
4. , ( ):
clubs; behaviour; Wimbledon; essential part; spectator sport; sports-lovers.
The British are known to be great 1_____, so when they are neither playing, nor watching games, they like to talk about them. Many of the games we play now have come from Britain.
One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. Summer isn't summer without cricket. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of 2_____. When they consider anything unfair, they sometimes say "That isn't cricket".
But as almost everywhere else in the world, the game which attracts the greatest attention is Association football, or soccer. Every Saturday from late August till the beginning of May, large crowds of people support their favourite sides in football grounds. True fans will travel from one end of the country to the other to see their team play. There are plenty of professional and amateur soccer 3_____ all over Britain. International football matches and the Cup Finals take place at Wembley.
Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs.
Next to football, the chief 4_____ in British life is horse-racing. A lot of people are interested in the races and risk money on the horse which they think will win. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world.
Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing, and even races for donkeys. The famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.
A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at 5_____ are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people between the ages of 16 and 60 who show every degree of skill from practically helpless to the extremely able.
The British also like to play golf, baseball, hockey, grass-hockey. Various forms of athletics, such as running, jumping, swimming and boxing are also popular. You can sometimes hear that there are no winter sports in England. Of course the English weather is not always cold enough to ski, skate, or toboggan, but winter is a good season for hunting and fishing.
Indeed sport in one form or another is an 6_____ of daily life in Britain.
5. , . :
| gymnastics figure skating boxing chess swimming fishing hunting skiing skating yachting track-and-fields athletics football basketball volley-ball cycling wrestling tennis billiard fencing weightlifting rowing team sport facilities | stadium championship competition sporting ground tourist camp sporting society to win victory to lose victory to go in for sports (to do sports) to cheer for... ... to hold the Olympic games to be at one's disposal to score the goal a coach a court , an amateur a tournament a swimming pool a fan a match - |
do, go, play:
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| do athletics diving gymnastics judo karate motor racing | go cycling fishing hang-gliding horse riding ice-skating jogging rock-climbing sailing skiing swimming water-skiing windsurfing | play badminton basketball football golf ice-hockey (table) tennis volleyball |
