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State the part of speech of the following words and complete the table below. Translate the words paying attention to their suffixes and prefixes




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CONTENTS

UNIT 1. THE NATURE OF BIOLOGY  
UNIT 2. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION ..  
UNIT 3. BIOTECHNOLOGY  
UNIT 4. YOUR FUTURE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES  
BIBLIOGRAPHY  
Appendix 1..  
Appendix 2.  

UNIT 1. THE NATURE OF BIOLOGY

WARM-UP

1.1. Discuss the following questions in pairs:

What is life? What differs living from non-living things?

What science studies living things?

VOCABULARY

alga algae - -

arrange -

carry out -

cell -

common -

community -

consist -

cytoplasm -

define -

descriptive -

diversity -

entity - ,

environment -

evolve - ()

examine -

exist -

fungus fungi - ()

gland -

inanimate -

inherit -

make up -

maintain -

molecule -

muscle -

nucleus - nuclei -

precise -

relationship - ()

reproduce -

require -

respond -

species - ()

tissue -

tremendous -

variety

1.2. Consult a dictionary and read and translate the words:

sufficient, environment, inanimate, variety, exception, hierarchical, level, precise, complement, assemblage, entity.

1.3. Find the equivalents to the following words in the text below, read the sentences with them:

, , , , , (), , , .

1.4. Look through the text, entitle it and make up its plan:

Biology can be defined as the study of life. But what is life? There is no short answer to this question. Scientists generally define it as a group of characteristics possessed by living things which are sufficient to separate the living world from non-living. We can say that living things:

can assimilate (take in) and use energy

can respond to the environment

can maintain a relatively constant internal environment

possess an inherited information base, encoded in DNA that allows them to function

can reproduce through use of information encoded in DNA

are composed of one or more cells

evolved from other living things

are highly organized compared to inanimate objects

Every one of these qualities exists in all the varieties of the Earth's living things with some exceptions (honeybees and ants).

One item in this list requires a little more explanation. Living things are indeed highly organized compared to inanimate objects. But to put a finer point on this, living things are organized in a "hierarchical" manner, meaning one in which lower levels are progressively integrated to make up higher levels. Let's see what life's levels of organization are.

The building blocks of matter, called atoms, lie at the base of life's organizational structure. Atoms come together to form molecules, which are entities consisting of a defined number of atoms that exist in a defined spatial relationship to one another. A molecule of water in one atom of oxygen bonded to two atoms of hydrogen, with these atoms arranged in a precise way. Molecules in turn form organelles, meaning "tiny organs", in a cell. Each of your cells has, for example, a structure, called a nucleus that contains the cell's primary complement of DNA. Such an organelle is not just a collection of molecules that exist close to one another but a highly organized structure. Atoms, molecules and organelles are all component parts of life but they are not themselves living things. At the next step up the organizational chain, however, we reach the entities that are living. These are cells, the fundamental units of life; the simplest and smallest entities that carry out all of life's basic processes.

Indeed, if we ask where life exists outside cells, the answer most experts would give is: nowhere at all. Every product of life - the material that makes up our bones, the wood which helps make up a tree - comes from cells and every process that enables life is initiated by cells. Large organisms then go on to have tissues meaning collection of cells that serve a common function. Several kinds of tissues can then come together to form a functioning unit known as an organ. Several organs and related tissues then can be integrated into an organ system. An assemblage of cells tissues organs and organ systems can then form a multicelled organism. However, back down to all the cell level, a one celled bacterium is also an organism. From this point out, life's levels of organization all involve many organisms living together. Members of a single type of living things (a species), living together in a defined area, make up what is known as a population. When you look at all the kinds of living things in a given area, you are looking at a community. When you consider the members of a community and the non-living elements with which they interact (such as climate and water), the result is an ecosystem. Finally, all the communities of Earth - and the physical environment with which they interact - make up the biosphere.

State the part of speech of the following words and complete the table below. Translate the words paying attention to their suffixes and prefixes.

noun verb adjective adverb
Biology biologist   biologic(al) biologically

Biology, biologic(al), biologist, biologically.

Inherit, inheritance, inherited.

Code, a code, coded.

Integrate, integrate, integrity.

Bond, bonded, bond.

Able, enable, enabled, unable.

Act, to interact, to activate, an act, activist, activity, actor, active, actual, actively, actually.

Assimilate, assimilation, assimilative.

Evolve, evolution, evolutionary, evolutionism, evolutionist, evolutive.

Vary, variety, variation, various, variable.

Environ, environment, environmental.

1.6. Arrange the following levels of organization in living things going from least inclusive to most inclusive: cell, community, molecule, organ, ecosystem, organism.

1.7. Match the verbs from A with their meaning from B:

A B

1. to define a. to receive from one's parents or ancestors

2. to separate b. to cause to begin

3. to respond c. to produce further members of the same species

4. to maintain d. to need, to depend on for success or fulfilment

5. to inherit e. to combine or form (a part or parts) into a whole

6. to code f. to cause to continue, to keep in existence

7. to reproduce g. to act or behave in answer

8. to require h. to put into a system of symbols

9. to integrate i. to state or explain precisely

10. to bond j. to connect or unite with a bond

11. to enable k. to divide, to keep apart

12. to initiate l. to give the means or authority to do something





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