n , (connectionless), (connection-oriented).
() ()
n . , , - , .
n (circuit switching),
n (packet switching),
n (message switching).
n , .
n . , . , . .
n . , , . , , . (dedicated) (leased) .
n . , . , . , .
11: .
IP , IANA ( RFC 1918 RFC 1597):
10.0.0.010.255.255.255;
172.16.0.0172.31.255.255;
192.168.0.0192.168.255.255.
, . - , IP , . IPv6. , . LAN , , , NAT proxy (WAN). ( ).
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, IP IP . , DHCP .
, IP- . . , , .
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) , . DHCP IP-. , , DHCP .
, DHCP- IP- . DHCP-.
DHCP- IP- (, , ) IP- . DHCP-. IP- -, , . DHCP IP- . IP-.
IP- L i n u x P a r k
: (MAC-), (IP-) (DNS-)
TCP/IP :
, , , . , - - , , 11-0-17-3D-BC-01. , . - 6 : 3 - , 3 . , , .25 frame relay, .
IP-, 4 , , 109.26.17.100. . . IP- : . , Internet (Network Information Center, NIC), Internet. Internet NIC, .
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IP . IP- - , . IP-. IP-, . IP- , .
-, , SERV1.IBM.COM. , , , , . , DNS-, , , FTP telnet.
IP-
IP- 4 , , , :
128.10.2.30 - ,
10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 - .
3.1 IP-.
0 N N
1 0 N N
1 1 0 N N
D
1 1 1 0 multicast
1 1 1 1 0
. 3.1. I-
- . , , :
0, , , 3 . 1 126. ( 0 , 127 , .) 216, 224.
10, 28 - 216. 16 , 2 .
110, 28. 24 , - 8 .
1110, D , - multicast. D, , .
11110, , .
, .
A 01.0.0 126.0.0.0
B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0
C 192.0.1.0 223.255.255.0
D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 247.255.255.255
: broadcast, multicast, loopback
IP IP-:
I- ,
0 0 0 0................................... 0 0 0 0
, ;
0,
0 0 0 0.......0
, , , ;
IP- 1,
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1 1 1 1.........................................1 1
, , . (limited broadcast);
1,
1111................11
, . (broadcast);
127.0.0.1 . loopback.
IP- - multicast - , , , . , , . . . .
IP , , . IP-, IP- - , - , , . , .
IP-: ARP RARP
IP- , , , , , IPX. , IP, , , , Internet ( , , Internet').
IP . , , , , -. , IP-, . , , , .
IP- Address Resolution Protocol, ARP. ARP , - (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) , (X.25, frame relay), . , - IP- . ARP - RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) , IP-, .
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ARP IP-.
, IP- , ARP , , IP-, . ARP IP- . ARP-, IP- , ARP . ARP- . , ARP . 3.2 ARP Ethernet.
0 8 16 31
( 0 - 3)
( 4 - 5) IP- ( 0-1)
IP- ( 2-3) ( 0 - 1)
( 2-5)
IP- ( 0 - 3)
. 3.2. ARP
Ethernet 1. ARP IP, . IP 080016.
Ethernet 6 , IP- - 4 . ARP 1 ARP 2 RARP.
, ARP-, , ( RARP- IP-). , IP-.
ARP-, , , IP- X.25, . ARP . , - , , ARP- . IP- . , IP- .