a.m. - ante meridiem (.) -
- centigrade - ( )
e.g. exempli gratia (.) -
etc. et cetera (.) . .
hr. hour
i.e. id est (.)
kg. - kilogram -
lb. pound
L litre
m. metre
mi. mile
mill. minute
NB - nota bene (.) - pay attention ,
p.m. post meridiem (.)
s. second
t. - ton -
vs - versus (.) -
w. watt
X-rays Roentgen rays -
a.. [alternating current]
amp. [ampere]
B.D.C. [bottom dead centre] -
b.h.p. [brake horsepower] -
C.-I. engine [compression-ignition engine] ,
c../u. cm. [cubic centimetre]
cu. in. [cubic inch]
cu. ft. [cubic foot] -
wt. [hundredweight]
d.c. [direct current]
F. [Fahrenheit] ( )
f.p.m. [feet per minute]
f.p.s. [feet per second]
ft.-lbs. [foot-pounds] -
gal. [gallon]
g.p.m. [gallon per minute] -
hp [horsepower] -
in. [inch] -
k.p.h. [kilometers per hour] -
lb [pound]
lb.-ft. [pound-foot] --
m.p.g. [miles per gallon]
m.p.h. [miles per hour] -
n.h.p. [nominal horsepower] ..
n.t.p. [normal temperature and pressure]
o.a.d. [overall dimension]
psi. [pounds per square inch] - .
r.p.m. [revolutions per minute]
sq. ft. [square foot]
t.d.c. [top dead centre] -
v. [velocity]
vol. [volume]
I
Unit One
8
1-b; 2-c; 3-b; 4-a; 5-b.
18
1-14; 2-18; 3-23;4-7;5-17;6-21;7-1; 8-12; 9-10;10-2;11-19;12-3; 13-4;14-15; 15-6; 16-13;17-5;18-16;19-8; 20-22; 21-9; 22-20;23-11.
22
1. I study at the automobile department of a technical college.
2. After graduating from the college Ill become a specialists un automobile industry.
3. In my opinion every specialists should know that the automobile must undergo laboratory and road tests.
4. These tests are needed in order for the automobile to meet up-to- date demands.
5.The modern automobile must have the following qualities: rapid acceleration, smooth-acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable braking and steering systems, ease of driving.
6. The automobile engine must also have low fuel consumption and be ecological.
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Unit Two
5
1-4;2-6;3-7;4-1;5-2;6-5; 7-3.
6
1.The automobile consists of three basic parts: the engine, the chassis and the body.
2.The engine is the source of power.
3.The engine includes fuel, lubricating and electrical systems.
4.The chassis comprises the power train, running gear, steering and braking systems.
5.The power train(power transmission), in turn, consists of the clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft, final drive, differential, rear axle and axle shafts.
6. The running gear includes frame with axles, wheels and springs.
7.The body had hood, fenders and accessories: heater, windshield wipers, stereo type recorder, conditioner and so on.
13
1-13;2-19;3-25;4-2;5-8;6-5;7-16;8-1;9-11; 10-20;11-3;12-21;13-7; 14-14;15-4; 16-17;17-6;18-24; 19-10;20-9;21-23;22-12;23-15;24-18;25-22.
15
1-b; 2-d;3-a;4-c;5-d;6-c.
Unit Three
6
1-a; 2-a; 3-b; 4-a; 5-d; 6-b.
7
1-b; 2-a;3-b;4-c;5-a.
Unit Four
8
1-i; 2-b;3-g;4-h;5 - f; 6-d; 7-e; 8-a;9-c.
Unit Five
9
1. The frame provides support for the body: engine and power train members.
2.It consists of longitudinal and cross members that reinforce the frame.
3.The frame has to withstand vibrations, twists and other strains.
4. The frame may be of two types: conventional frames and unibody constructions.
5. Conventional frames are made of steel channel sections welded or reverted together.
6. Frameless constructions are made integral with the body.
7.The frame is insulated from the body by rubber pads in order to prevent noise and vibrations from passing to the passengers of the car.
Unit Six
6
1-c; 2-b; 3-b;4-b; 5-b.
12
1-9; 2-16; 3-1; 4-41; 5-11; 6-3; 7-2; 8-15; 9-4;10-7; 11-12; 12-6;13-10;14-8; 15-13; 16-5.
14
1. The clutch is a friction device.
2.The clutch connects the engine and the gearbox.
3. The clutch is located between the flywheel and the gearbox.
4.As a rule the clutch consists of two discs: the driven disc and the pressure one.
5. The clutch is controlled by the clutch pedal.
6.When the clutch pedal is at the clutch discs are engaged and the running engine is connected to the gearbox and wheels.
7. When the driver pushes down on the clutch pedal the discs are apart, the clutch is disengaged and the engine runs idly.
Unit Seven
5
1-3; 2-4; 3-1; 4-2; 5-5.
6
1. The gearbox is designed for changing the speed of the car movement.
2.The gearbox provides for forward speeds and one reverse.
3. Gearboxes can be as follows: sliding-mesh type, constant mesh type and epicyclic (planetary) type.
4.The sliding-mesh type is the simplest one.
5.The constant mesh is the most widely used type.
6. The sliding gears on the gearbox shaft are designed for providing the forward speeds and the reverse drive.
Unit Eight
6
1-5; 2-11; 3-1; 4-6; 5-2; 6-10; 7-3; 8-4; 9-7; 10-9; 11-8.
7
1-4; 2-5; 3-1; 4-3; 5-2.
8
1.Brakes are the most important mechanisms of the car.
2. They are used to slow or stop the car.
3. Brakes can be divided into two types, namely: drum brakes and disc brakes.
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4. Most cars use hydraulic or pneumatic driving system.
5. The brakes are applied when the driver pushes down on the brake pedal.
1. Brakes are used to slow or stop the car.
2. Depending on the drive brakes are classified as: mechanical, hydraulic, air, or electric brakes.
3. Brakes are controlled by the brake pedal.
4.Brakes are applied when the driver pushes down on the brake pedal (brake shoes are pressed against the brake drums).
5. In air brakes compressed air is used to apply the braking force.
6. Electric brakes use electromagnets to provide the braking effort.
7. Up-to date cars are equipped with all-wheel brakes.
Unit Nine
8
1-5; 2-3; 3-6; 4-4; 5-2; 6-1.
9
1. To guide the car it is necessary to have the steering system.
2. The steering gear assembly incorporates: steering wheel, steering column, gearing, pitman arm, steering knuckle arms and ball joints, levers and tie rods.
3. There are different steering gears, namely: rack and pinion type, recirculating ball type, and worm and sector type.
4. When the driver turns the steering wheel to the left or right, the steering mechanism causes the pitman arm to turn to the left or right.
5. This movement is carried by the tie-rods to the steering knuckle arms and wheels, causing them to turn to the left or right.
Unit Ten
5
1. Many modern automobiles are equipped with onboard computer systems for better automobile operation.
2. The program of such a computer has only two memories: read only memory (ROM)and random access memory (RAM).
3.The computer software tells the computer what to do, and when to do it in a specific sequence.
4. The program is stored in a permanent memory.
5.The microprocessor contains a ROM and a RAM.
6. Some computers have the ability to learn. This is referred to as an adaptive memory.
