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Exercise 7. Translate into Russian in writing. State the function of the underlined parts of the sentences. The first has been done for you




He was accused of having spent a lot of money. having spent (a lot of money) Ving Perfect Gerund Active, . , . .

 

1. He was accused of having spent a lot of money.

2. Coming up to the door I found it locked.

3. Having lived in the country for many years, he spoke English without

a foreign accent.

4. On arriving at the hotel I was given a message.

5. He insisted on my being present at the conference.

6. The conference taking place in Paris is devoted to population growth.

7. I object to being criticized so stupidly.

8. His being a foreigner prevented him from getting a good job.

9. Most governments pay for their budget deficits by selling government

bonds.

10. He needed some writing paper of good quality.

11. Sliding scale is a system of pay, taxes, etc., calculated by rates

which may vary according to changing conditions.

12. The heart of capitalism is private ownership, and a limited liability

company allows people to own almost anything - from skyscrapers

to television stations - without risking their personal assets should

the company go bankrupt

.

Exercise 8. Translate into English using - ing forms (participles or gerunds) where possible. Make use of a few tips on translation after each paragraph.

 

1. , . , .

 

to differ from ordinary/normal to take deposits to make loans (to) to consist in (controlling}

 

2. , . .

 

is to increase or decrease to consist in (increasing) the amount of banking operations this leads to/results in (-ing form) through the mechanism of

 

3. , 10 % . , , , .

 

banks are required to to keep on reserve with to decide to reduce the reserve requirements to lend (out) customers/clients/consumers this results in/causes/leads to to stimulate/encourage the economy/economic development

 

4. . , , , .

 

to control by increasing or decreasing interest rates to slow (down) alternatively to grow/to go up rapidly

 

5. . , , .

 

to operate /to conduct operations/to carry out operations in . government securities government treasury bonds

 

6. , .

 

to act/to serve as

2

(Modal Verbs) , , . - , , .

must, can , :

1) (), . . to,

2) -s 3 ,

3) , must ,

4) must can to have to, to be able to, . , must can , , (necessity/obligation/ ability/ possibility).

 

  Can = shall/will be able to + Vinf can + Vinf = am/is/are able to + Vinf could + Vinf = was were able to + Vinf   (future ability/possibility)     (present ability/possibility)     (past ability/possibility)  
  Must = shall/will have to + Vinf must + Vinf = has/have to + Vinf had to + Vinf   (future necessity/obligation)     (present necessity/obligation)   (past necessity/obligation)  
He must read his report at the conference on Wednesday. .
had to read his report.. .
will have to read his report...... .
can read his report at........... .
He will be able to read his report at .
could read his report at............ .
         

 

: should, ought to, neednt (BrE). .

 

Obligation You must be at work by 9 oclock. They mustnt berude to their customers.
Possibility You can change money in the departure lounge.
Permission You can leave now. You cant leave your bag here.
Advice You should ask at the airline office. You ought to send back these documents. She shouldnt work so hard. You oughtnt to drive if youre tired. Should I buy some travellers cheques?
Necessity He neednt check in his hand luggage. You neednt stay here for long.
Ability We can help you. I cant find myticket.
Probability You should have received /ought to have received their business plan by now.

 

need. :

1) , , :

e.g. He needs to know economical English for his future work in the company.

e.g. Do you need to go now?

e.g. I dont need to talk to the manager.

e.g. He needed some time to take that decision.

 

2) ( , - , ):

e.g. You neednt work today ( )

e.g. He need not come so early.

e.g. Need I come so early?

, neednt need to, : He needs to speak to the boss straightaway.

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the modal verbs can, must and their equivalents.

1. The scientist ____ repeat the experiments because he had made a

number of mistakes (necessity).

2. He ____ read his report at the conference next week (ability).

3. Did you ____ evaluate the results of your research before the

experiments had been completed? (necessity)

4. The students ____ to get the necessary books from the library

(possibility, future/ past).

5. The researcher ____ (not) complete his research in such bad

conditions (possibility, present/ past).

6. Before reporting the discovery the team of researchers ____ test

their hypothesis in numerous experiments (necessity, past).





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