He was accused of having spent a lot of money. having spent (a lot of money) Ving Perfect Gerund Active, . | , . . |
1. He was accused of having spent a lot of money.
2. Coming up to the door I found it locked.
3. Having lived in the country for many years, he spoke English without
a foreign accent.
4. On arriving at the hotel I was given a message.
5. He insisted on my being present at the conference.
6. The conference taking place in Paris is devoted to population growth.
7. I object to being criticized so stupidly.
8. His being a foreigner prevented him from getting a good job.
9. Most governments pay for their budget deficits by selling government
bonds.
10. He needed some writing paper of good quality.
11. Sliding scale is a system of pay, taxes, etc., calculated by rates
which may vary according to changing conditions.
12. The heart of capitalism is private ownership, and a limited liability
company allows people to own almost anything - from skyscrapers
to television stations - without risking their personal assets should
the company go bankrupt
.
Exercise 8. Translate into English using - ing forms (participles or gerunds) where possible. Make use of a few tips on translation after each paragraph.
1. , . , .
to differ from ordinary/normal to take deposits to make loans (to) to consist in (controlling} |
2. , . .
is to increase or decrease to consist in (increasing) the amount of banking operations this leads to/results in (-ing form) through the mechanism of |
3. , 10 % . , , , .
banks are required to to keep on reserve with to decide to reduce the reserve requirements to lend (out) customers/clients/consumers this results in/causes/leads to to stimulate/encourage the economy/economic development |
4. . , , , .
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to control by increasing or decreasing interest rates to slow (down) alternatively to grow/to go up rapidly |
5. . , , .
to operate /to conduct operations/to carry out operations in . government securities government treasury bonds |
6. , .
to act/to serve as |
2
(Modal Verbs) , , . - , , .
must, can , :
1) (), . . to,
2) -s 3 ,
3) , must ,
4) must can to have to, to be able to, . , must can , , (necessity/obligation/ ability/ possibility).
Can = shall/will be able to + Vinf can + Vinf = am/is/are able to + Vinf could + Vinf = was were able to + Vinf | (future ability/possibility) (present ability/possibility) (past ability/possibility) | |||
Must = shall/will have to + Vinf must + Vinf = has/have to + Vinf had to + Vinf | (future necessity/obligation) (present necessity/obligation) (past necessity/obligation) | |||
He must read his report at the conference on Wednesday. | . | |||
had to read his report.. | . | |||
will have to read his report...... | . | |||
can read his report at........... | . | |||
He will be able to read his report at | . | |||
could read his report at............ | . | |||
: should, ought to, neednt (BrE). .
Obligation | You must be at work by 9 oclock. They mustnt berude to their customers. |
Possibility | You can change money in the departure lounge. |
Permission | You can leave now. You cant leave your bag here. |
Advice | You should ask at the airline office. You ought to send back these documents. She shouldnt work so hard. You oughtnt to drive if youre tired. Should I buy some travellers cheques? |
Necessity | He neednt check in his hand luggage. You neednt stay here for long. |
Ability | We can help you. I cant find myticket. |
Probability | You should have received /ought to have received their business plan by now. |
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need. :
1) , , :
e.g. He needs to know economical English for his future work in the company.
e.g. Do you need to go now?
e.g. I dont need to talk to the manager.
e.g. He needed some time to take that decision.
2) ( , - , ):
e.g. You neednt work today ( )
e.g. He need not come so early.
e.g. Need I come so early?
, neednt need to, : He needs to speak to the boss straightaway.
Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the modal verbs can, must and their equivalents.
1. The scientist ____ repeat the experiments because he had made a
number of mistakes (necessity).
2. He ____ read his report at the conference next week (ability).
3. Did you ____ evaluate the results of your research before the
experiments had been completed? (necessity)
4. The students ____ to get the necessary books from the library
(possibility, future/ past).
5. The researcher ____ (not) complete his research in such bad
conditions (possibility, present/ past).
6. Before reporting the discovery the team of researchers ____ test
their hypothesis in numerous experiments (necessity, past).