1. Attribute | Mother is looking at her sleeping child. |
2. Adverbial modifier ) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances | When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. was reading the news- paper sitting in the armchair. |
3. Part of the predicate | The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked. |
Participle constructions
Construction | Example |
Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(obj. c.) | We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound. |
Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.) | was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. was seen looking for something. |
Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.) | It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist. |
Unit 6. The Gerund
Forms of the gerund
Active | Passive | |
Gerund | Shipping | being shipped |
Perfect Gerund | having shipped | having been shipped |
Functions of the gerund
Function | Usage | Example |
Subject | Swimming is my favorite sport. | |
Part of the compound predicate | after the verb: to be; with prepositions: against, for; with the expressions: to be on the point of, to be far from; after the verbs: to stop, to finish, to continue, to go on, to keep, to begin, t start, to like, to need, to prefer and others. | My task is reading a book. The director is for starting the talks at once. The negotiations are still far from being ended. Stop talking. He kept on asking her about the details. Your suggestion needs discussing. I prefer reading classical novels. |
Object ) direct object b) prepositional object | after the verbs: to remember, to enjoy, to mind, to excuse, to be worth; after the verbs with prepositions: to depend on, to rely on, to object to, to blame... for, to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of, to be tired of, to be afraid of, to look forward to, to feel like and others. | She suggested discussing this question. I don't mind going there. is fond of collecting old cars. I am afraid of making a mistake. I am tired of arguing with you. |
Attribute | After the nouns with prepositions: way (of), opportunity(of), hope of, rience (in), son (for), interest (in), importance of and others. | You have no reason for saying that. I understand the importance of learning English. |
Adverbail Modifier ) of time b) of manner or attendant circumstances )of purpose | with prepositions: after, before, on; with prepositions: by, without, instead of, besides, apart from; with the expressions: for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to; | After returning home he resumed his work. She left the room without looking at me. The board was established for the purpose of improving the process. |
|
|
Complex gerund construction
pron (pos. c.) + GERUND noun (pos. c., gen. c.) | He insisted on my being examined by the doctor. I know of Nick's father delivering lectures on chemistry. |
Unit 7. Modal verbs
must | can=to be able | may=to be allowed |
must do it is to do it has to do it should do it ought to do it | can do it is able to do it | may do it is allowed to do it |
was to do it had to do it | could do it was able to do it | was allowed to do it |
will have to do it should do it | will be able to do it | will be allowed to do it |
Appendix IV
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Past Participle | |
arise | arose | arisen [ə′rizn] | , |
be | was, were | been | |
bear | bore | born | |
become | became | become | |
begin | began | begun | |
bend | bent | bent | () |
bind [baind] | bound [baund] | bound | |
blow | blew | blown | , |
break | broke | broken | |
bring | brought | brought | |
build | built | built | |
burn | burnt | burnt | , |
burst | burst | burst | , |
buy | bought | bought | |
cast | cast | cast | () |
catch | caught | caught | , |
choose | chose | chosen | |
come | came | come | |
cost | cost | cost | |
cut | cut | cut | |
deal | dealt | dealt | |
dig | dug | dug | |
do | did | done | |
draw | drew | drawn | , |
drive | drove | driven [drivn] | , |
dwell | dwelt | dwelt | , |
fall | fell | fallen | |
feed | fed | fed | |
feel | felt | felt | |
fight | fought | fought | , |
find | found | found | |
flee | fled | fled | , |
fly | flew | flown | |
forbid | forbade | forbidden | |
forget | forgot | forgotten | |
freeze | froze | frozen | |
get | got | got | |
give | gave | given | |
go | went | gone | , |
grind [graind] | ground [graund] | ground | |
grow | grew [gru:] | grown | |
hang | hung | hung | |
have | had | had | |
hear | heard | heard | |
hew | hewed | hewn | , |
hide | hid | hidden [hidn] | () |
hit | hit | hit | |
hold | held | held | |
keep | kept | kept | |
know | knew | known | |
lay | laid | laid | , |
lead | led | led | |
learn | learnt | learnt | |
leave | left | left | , , , |
lend | lent | lent | , |
let | let | let | , |
lie | lay | lain | |
light | lit | lit | |
lose [lu:z] | lost | lost | |
make | made | made | |
mean | meant | meant | , , |
meet | met | met | |
mislead | misled | misled | |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | |
pay | paid | paid | |
put | put | put | , |
read | read [red] | read [red] | |
rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | |
ring | rang | rung | |
rise | rose | risen [rizn] | , , |
run | ran | run | |
saw | sawed | sawn | |
say | said | said | , |
see | saw | seen | |
seek | sought | sought | |
sell | sold | sold | |
send | sent | sent | |
set | set | set | |
show | showed | shown | |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | , , |
shut | shut | shut | |
sink | sank | sunk | , |
sit | sat | sat | |
sleep | slept | slept | |
slide | slid | slid | |
speak | spoke | spoken | |
speed | sped | sped | |
spend | spent | spent | |
spoil | spoilt | spoilt | |
spread | spread | spread | () |
spring | sprang | sprung | , |
stand | stood | stood | |
strike | struck | struck | , |
string | strung | strung | |
strive | strove | striven [strivn] | |
sweep | swept | swept | , |
swell | swelled | swollen | |
swim | swam | swum | |
swing | swung | swung | , () |
take | took | taken | |
teach | taught | taught | , |
tear | tore | torn | , |
tell | told | told | |
think | thought | thought | |
throw | threw | thrown | , |
thrust | thrust | thrust | |
understand | understood | understood | |
undertake | undertook | undertaken | |
upset | upset | upset | , |
wear | wore | worn | , |
win | won [wʌn] | won [wʌn] | , |
wind [waind] | wound [waund] | wound [waund] | , () |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | , |
wring [riη] | wrung [rʌη] | wrung [rʌη] | , |
write | wrote | written |
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Appendix V
Glossary
A
abrasion ; ;
absorb ; ;
adhesion
alloy
anchor
anode
atmospheric corrosion
B
backfill ;
barge
batch treatment
bend ;
bimetallic corrosion
biocorrosion
biological resistance
boost ;
booster station ;
buried anode grounding
buried pipeline
butt joint
butt-fused joint
C
capacity ;
capsule ; ; ;
carbon
cathode
cathodic protection
cathodic protection station
centrifugal pump
check valve
cheese
chemical corrosion
chemical injection equipment
chemical pump
|
|
chemical tank
choke plug / bean
chrome
cleanup
coating (); ;
coating
coke breeze
combined insulating coating
combined-cycle gas turbine
commingle ; ;
commissioning
composition disk
compressed
concentrated anode grounding
concrete ;
cone valve
cone-gear
consumption
continuous corrosion
continuous inhibitor injection
continuous treatment ()
control stand -
control valves
convey
corrective actions
corrosion ; ; ; ;
corrosion cell
corrosion couple
corrosion cracking
corrosion inhibitor
corrosion management
corrosion monitoring point
corrosion protection
corrosion rate
corrosive fluid -
corrosive gas
corrosivity
coupon ; -
crude-oil
cutoff valves
cylinder valve
cylinder-gear
D
damage ;
deepwater
delivery
dense
density
deplete ,
desalination
device ; ;
diffusion
direct electric drainage
disruption
distributed anode grounding
distribution valves
dosing pump -
drainage point
drilling
E
electric circuit resistance
electric motor actuator ()
electric potential
electrical corrosion
electrochemical corrosion
electrochemical protection
electrodrainage protection
electrolysis
electrolyte
electrolytic corrosion
electronegative potential
environmental
erode
excess
excessive pressure relief
external corrosion
extruded polyolefin
F
fabrication
fitting ; ;
fixed choke
flanged end valve
flaring
flexible wedge
flow
flow area
flow choking
flow control
flow direction control
flow resistance
fluid flow rate
forward motion
|
|
friction
G
galvanic cell
galvanic corrosion
galvanic current
gas corrosion
gasket
gate ()
gate valve
gear
general corrosion
glass-reinforced pipe
globe valve
go-devil
graduated scale
gray cast iron
grease fitting
grease groove
H
handwheel ()
head loss
heat resistance
heat-shrinkage material
high-duty cast iron
hinge
hot tapping ( )
hydrate buildup
hydrate inhibitor
hydration
hydraulic actuator
hydrogen depolarization
I
inlet
installation
instrumental inspection
insulated pipeline
integrity class
intercrystalline / intergranular corrosion
intermediate
internal corrosion
J
joint ;
L
lagging ; ;
landlocked ;
leak
length
lift check valve
liquefaction
liquefied
local corrosion
local stress
location ;
locknut
M
mainline pumping
malleable cast iron
manual control
manufacture ;
mastic coating
mechanical actuator
media ,
mercaptan
methanol
molybdenum
monodireetional pig ( )
N
needle valve
negative bus
nipple
nominal pressure
nominal size
non-destructive testing
non-electrolytic corrosion
nonrising stem
nonuniform corrosion
nozzle ́;
O
odorant
odourless ;
offshore ( );
oil spill
oil-soluble inhibitor
onshore
operating medium
operating pressure
outage ; ;
outlet
oxygen depolarization
P
packing
padding ;
parallel disk valve
parallel expanding gate valve
pig ,
pig launcher
pig launching
pig receiver
pig trap
pigging skid
pipe coating
pipe elbow ;
pipe liner ( )
pipe racks
pipeline ;
pipeline coating
pipeline dewaxing
pipeline failure
pipeline incident
pipeline integrity
pipeline replacement
pipeline section
piping
pitting corrosion
plasticizer
plug disk
plug port
plug retainer
plug valve
plug
pneumatic
pneumatic actuator
point corrosion
polarized electric drainage
polyethylene pipe wrap
|
|
polymeric coating
polyurethane resin
polyvinylchloride (PVC) tape
positive bus
pressure
pressure differential
pressure drop
pressure drop
pressure loss
pressure-relief valves
preventive actions
probe
protection potential
pulling
pump ; ; ;
pump ; ;
pump rate drop
pump truck
pup-joint
Q
quick-union connections
R
railroad
rate ; ; ;
reciprocal motion -
reducing valve
reeling
refinery ()
regular disk
reinforce ;
reinforced drainage
relief valve
remote
reverse flow
rising stem
rotary motion
rubber sphere -
S
sacrifice protection
sacrificial anode
safety valve
screwed end valve
seabed
seal ;
sealing ring
seat ()
setpoint pressure
shipborne
shipping
shutoff valves
slide gate valve
socket weld end
soil corrosion
solenoid actuator
solid
solid wedge
source
split wedge
spot corrosion
stainless steel
steel
steel ,
stem ; ()
stop valves
straight through valve
stray current
stretched anode grounding
structural-selective corrosion -
stuffing box
sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) ()
supply ;
suspended solids
swage
T
tank truck
tanker ;
tapered adhesive joint
technical maintenance
t-
thermosetting material
thickness
thread
throttling ;
throughput
tie-in
titanium
towing
traction substation
trunk lines ;
tube
U
undercorrosion
underground pipeline
uniform corrosion
V
valve
valve body
valve disk
valves
vehicle
W
walkaround
wall thickness measurement
water resistance
water-soluble inhibitor
wax buildup
wax inhibitor
wedge disk valve
wheel ()
wing union
worm-gear
X
X-raying
Y
yoke
REFERENCES
1. - / . . . . : , 2012. 240 .
2. . . . . ., . , 2009. 656 .
3. . . - . . 24 000 , . 4 000 . : , 2002 400 .
4. [ ]. : http://ngpedia.ru/.
5. . . : . / . . , . . , . . , . . . /: , 2006 224 .
6. . ., . . . : , 2005. 340 .
7. CPI (Concrete Plant International), , 2007. [ ]. : https://www.nationalprecast.com.au/resources/concrete-plant-international
8. New Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago, Auckland, London, Madrid, Manila, Paris, Rome, Seoul, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1994.
9. Oil and Gas Eurasia. International Petroleum News and Technology, 2007. [ ]. : www.oilandgaseurasia.com
10. Oil and Gas Journal. International Petroleum News and Technology, 2007. [ ]. : www.ogjonline.com.
11. Transneft. Annual Report [ ]. : www.transneft.ru
12. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
13. http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?a=1&SHL=2