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Functions of the participle




1. Attribute Mother is looking at her sleeping child.
2. Adverbial modifier ) of time b) of reason c) of manner or attendant circumstances When asked he refused to answer the question. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous. was reading the news- paper sitting in the armchair.
3. Part of the predicate The plan is being discussed. All doors were locked.

Participle constructions

Construction Example
Objective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(obj. c.) We heard him playing the piano. I considered the work done. I had my books bound.
Subjective Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.) was seen crossing the street. She was heard talking about it. was seen looking for something.
Absolute Participial Construction noun (g. c.) + Part. I; II pron.(nom. c.) It being warm, we went for a walk. Radio was invented in 1895, the inventor being the Russian scientist.

 

 

Unit 6. The Gerund

Forms of the gerund

  Active Passive
Gerund Shipping being shipped
     
Perfect Gerund having shipped having been shipped

Functions of the gerund

 

Function Usage Example
Subject   Swimming is my favorite sport.
Part of the compound predicate   after the verb: to be; with prepositions: against, for; with the expressions: to be on the point of, to be far from; after the verbs: to stop, to finish, to continue, to go on, to keep, to begin, t start, to like, to need, to prefer and others. My task is reading a book. The director is for starting the talks at once. The negotiations are still far from being ended. Stop talking. He kept on asking her about the details. Your suggestion needs discussing. I prefer reading classical novels.
Object ) direct object b) prepositional object   after the verbs: to remember, to enjoy, to mind, to excuse, to be worth;   after the verbs with prepositions: to depend on, to rely on, to object to, to blame... for, to thank for, to be responsible for, to be fond of, to be tired of, to be afraid of, to look forward to, to feel like and others. She suggested discussing this question. I don't mind going there. is fond of collecting old cars.   I am afraid of making a mistake.   I am tired of arguing with you.
Attribute After the nouns with prepositions: way (of), opportunity(of), hope of, rience (in), son (for), interest (in), importance of and others. You have no reason for saying that.   I understand the importance of learning English.
Adverbail Modifier ) of time b) of manner or attendant circumstances )of purpose with prepositions: after, before, on;   with prepositions: by, without, instead of, besides, apart from;   with the expressions: for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to; After returning home he resumed his work.   She left the room without looking at me.     The board was established for the purpose of improving the process.

 

 

Complex gerund construction

pron (pos. c.) + GERUND noun (pos. c., gen. c.) He insisted on my being examined by the doctor. I know of Nick's father delivering lectures on chemistry.

Unit 7. Modal verbs

 

  must   can=to be able may=to be allowed
must do it is to do it has to do it should do it ought to do it   can do it   is able to do it may do it   is allowed to do it
was to do it had to do it   could do it was able to do it was allowed to do it
will have to do it should do it   will be able   to do it will be   allowed to do it

 

Appendix IV

Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle  
arise arose arisen [ə′rizn] ,
be was, were been
bear bore born
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent ()
bind [baind] bound [baund] bound
blow blew blown ,
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt burnt ,
burst burst burst ,
buy bought bought
cast cast cast ()
catch caught caught ,
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn ,
drive drove driven [drivn] ,
dwell dwelt dwelt ,
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought ,
find found found
flee fled fled ,
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone ,
grind [graind] ground [graund] ground
grow grew [gru:] grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hew hewed hewn ,
hide hid hidden [hidn] ()
hit hit hit
hold held held
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid ,
lead led led
learn learnt learnt
leave left left , , ,
lend lent lent ,
let let let ,
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose [lu:z] lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant , ,
meet met met
mislead misled misled
mistake mistook mistaken
pay paid paid
put put put ,
read read [red] read [red]
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
ring rang rung
rise rose risen [rizn] , ,
run ran run
saw sawed sawn
say said said ,
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk , ,
shut shut shut
sink sank sunk ,
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spoil spoilt spoilt
spread spread spread ()
spring sprang sprung ,
stand stood stood
strike struck struck ,
string strung strung
strive strove striven [strivn]
sweep swept swept ,
swell swelled swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung , ()
take took taken
teach taught taught ,
tear tore torn ,
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown ,
thrust thrust thrust
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
upset upset upset ,
wear wore worn ,
win won [wʌn] won [wʌn] ,
wind [waind] wound [waund] wound [waund] , ()
withdraw withdrew withdrawn ,
wring [riη] wrung [rʌη] wrung [rʌη] ,
write wrote written

 

 

Appendix V

Glossary

A

abrasion ; ;

absorb ; ;

adhesion

alloy

anchor

anode

atmospheric corrosion

 

B

 

backfill ;

barge

batch treatment

bend ;

bimetallic corrosion

biocorrosion

biological resistance

boost ;

booster station ;

buried anode grounding

buried pipeline

butt joint

butt-fused joint

 

C

 

capacity ;

capsule ; ; ;

carbon

cathode

cathodic protection

cathodic protection station

centrifugal pump

check valve

cheese

chemical corrosion

chemical injection equipment

chemical pump

chemical tank

choke plug / bean

chrome

cleanup

coating (); ;

coating

coke breeze

combined insulating coating

combined-cycle gas turbine

commingle ; ;

commissioning

composition disk

compressed

concentrated anode grounding

concrete ;

cone valve

cone-gear

consumption

continuous corrosion

continuous inhibitor injection

continuous treatment ()

control stand -

control valves

convey

corrective actions

corrosion ; ; ; ;

corrosion cell

corrosion couple

corrosion cracking

corrosion inhibitor

corrosion management

corrosion monitoring point

corrosion protection

corrosion rate

corrosive fluid -

corrosive gas

corrosivity

coupon ; -

crude-oil

cutoff valves

cylinder valve

cylinder-gear

 

D

 

damage ;

deepwater

delivery

dense

density

deplete ,

desalination

device ; ;

diffusion

direct electric drainage

disruption

distributed anode grounding

distribution valves

dosing pump -

drainage point

drilling

 

E

electric circuit resistance

electric motor actuator ()

electric potential

electrical corrosion

electrochemical corrosion

electrochemical protection

electrodrainage protection

electrolysis

electrolyte

electrolytic corrosion

electronegative potential

environmental

erode

excess

excessive pressure relief

external corrosion

extruded polyolefin

 

F

 

fabrication

fitting ; ;

fixed choke

flanged end valve

flaring

flexible wedge

flow

flow area

flow choking

flow control

flow direction control

flow resistance

fluid flow rate

forward motion

friction

 

G

 

galvanic cell

galvanic corrosion

galvanic current

gas corrosion

gasket

gate ()

gate valve

gear

general corrosion

glass-reinforced pipe

globe valve

go-devil

graduated scale

gray cast iron

grease fitting

grease groove

 

H

 

handwheel ()

head loss

heat resistance

heat-shrinkage material

high-duty cast iron

hinge

hot tapping ( )

hydrate buildup

hydrate inhibitor

hydration

hydraulic actuator

hydrogen depolarization

 

I

 

inlet

installation

instrumental inspection

insulated pipeline

integrity class

intercrystalline / intergranular corrosion

intermediate

internal corrosion

 

J

 

joint ;

 

L

 

lagging ; ;

landlocked ;

leak

length

lift check valve

liquefaction

liquefied

local corrosion

local stress

location ;

locknut

 

M

 

mainline pumping

malleable cast iron

manual control

manufacture ;

mastic coating

mechanical actuator

media ,

mercaptan

methanol

molybdenum

monodireetional pig ( )

 

N

 

needle valve

negative bus

nipple

nominal pressure

nominal size

non-destructive testing

non-electrolytic corrosion

nonrising stem

nonuniform corrosion

nozzle ́;

 

O

 

odorant

odourless ;

offshore ( );

oil spill

oil-soluble inhibitor

onshore

operating medium

operating pressure

outage ; ;

outlet

oxygen depolarization

 

P

 

packing

padding ;

parallel disk valve

parallel expanding gate valve

pig ,

pig launcher

pig launching

pig receiver

pig trap

pigging skid

pipe coating

pipe elbow ;

pipe liner ( )

pipe racks

pipeline ;

pipeline coating

pipeline dewaxing

pipeline failure

pipeline incident

pipeline integrity

pipeline replacement

pipeline section

piping

pitting corrosion

plasticizer

plug disk

plug port

plug retainer

plug valve

plug

pneumatic

pneumatic actuator

point corrosion

polarized electric drainage

polyethylene pipe wrap

polymeric coating

polyurethane resin

polyvinylchloride (PVC) tape

positive bus

pressure

pressure differential

pressure drop

pressure drop

pressure loss

pressure-relief valves

preventive actions

probe

protection potential

pulling

pump ; ; ;

pump ; ;

pump rate drop

pump truck

pup-joint

 

Q

 

quick-union connections

 

R

 

railroad

rate ; ; ;

reciprocal motion -

reducing valve

reeling

refinery ()

regular disk

reinforce ;

reinforced drainage

relief valve

remote

reverse flow

rising stem

rotary motion

rubber sphere -

 

S

 

sacrifice protection

sacrificial anode

safety valve

screwed end valve

seabed

seal ;

sealing ring

seat ()

setpoint pressure

shipborne

shipping

shutoff valves

slide gate valve

socket weld end

soil corrosion

solenoid actuator

solid

solid wedge

source

split wedge

spot corrosion

stainless steel

steel

steel ,

stem ; ()

stop valves

straight through valve

stray current

stretched anode grounding

structural-selective corrosion -

stuffing box

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) ()

supply ;

suspended solids

swage

 

T

 

tank truck

tanker ;

tapered adhesive joint

technical maintenance

t-

thermosetting material

thickness

thread

throttling ;

throughput

tie-in

titanium

towing

traction substation

trunk lines ;

tube

 

U

 

undercorrosion

underground pipeline

uniform corrosion

 

V

 

valve

valve body

valve disk

valves

vehicle

 

W

 

walkaround

wall thickness measurement

water resistance

water-soluble inhibitor

wax buildup

wax inhibitor

wedge disk valve

wheel ()

wing union

worm-gear

 

X

 

X-raying

 

Y

 

yoke

 

 

REFERENCES

1. - / . . . . : , 2012. 240 .

2. . . . . ., . , 2009. 656 .

3. . . - . . 24 000 , . 4 000 . : , 2002 400 .

4. [ ]. : http://ngpedia.ru/.

5. . . : . / . . , . . , . . , . . . /: , 2006 224 .

6. . ., . . . : , 2005. 340 .

7. CPI (Concrete Plant International), , 2007. [ ]. : https://www.nationalprecast.com.au/resources/concrete-plant-international

8. New Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago, Auckland, London, Madrid, Manila, Paris, Rome, Seoul, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 1994.

9. Oil and Gas Eurasia. International Petroleum News and Technology, 2007. [ ]. : www.oilandgaseurasia.com

10. Oil and Gas Journal. International Petroleum News and Technology, 2007. [ ]. : www.ogjonline.com.

11. Transneft. Annual Report [ ]. : www.transneft.ru

12. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

13. http://www.multitran.ru/c/m.exe?a=1&SHL=2





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