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2. .
3. . , , .
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2. .
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4. .
5. , .
6. , : ., .., .., .
7. .
, 500 1000 .
Key-patterns of annotation:
I
1. The text is entitled
2. The article is headlined
3. The headline (the title) of the article is
II
1. The article (, book, etc.) deals with... 2. As the title implies the article describes... 3. It is specially noted... 4. A mention should be made... 5. It is spoken in detail... 6.... are noted. 7. It is reported... 8. The text gives a valuable Information on... 9.Much attention is given to... 10. The article touches upon 11. The article is about 12. It (the article) gives a detailed analysis of... 13. It draws our attention to... 14. The difference between the terms... and... should be stressed. 15. It should be stressed (emphasized) that... 16.... is proposed. 17.... are examined 18.... are discussed 19. An option permits... 20. The method proposed... 21. The main idea of the text is 22. The article is devoted to 23. The article deals with 24. The purpose of the article is 25. The aim of the article is 1. The article is of great help to 2. The article is of interest to... | 1. (, ..) ... 2. , 3. ... 4. ... 5. ... 6. ... 7. ... 8. ... 9. ... 10. 11. 12. () () ... 13. (, ) ... 14. ... ... 15. , ... 16. ... 17. (...) 18. ... 19. ... 20. ... 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. III 1. 2. ... |
Unit 4. The Infinitive
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Forms of the infinitive
Perfect | to have signed (to have + Participle II) | to have been signed (to have been + Participle II) |
Continuous | to be signing (to be + Participle I) | |
Perfect Continuous | to have been signing (to have been + Participle I) |
Functions of the infinitive
Function | Example |
1. Subject 2. Part of the compound predicate 3. Object 4. Attribute 5. Adverbial Modifier | read aloud is very useful. Our aim is to master English. I told him to go as quickly as possible. Here is the article to be translated. I came to help you. |
Infinitive constructions
Complex Object
Construction | Example |
Complex Object noun (g.c.) + inf. pron. (obj. c.) | We believe her to be in Moscow now. She wanted me to return soon. We expect him to come here. |
Complex Object is used after the verbs that express:
1) wish and need: to want , , to wish, to desire , would like .
Ex.: I want you to help me. Would you like me to translate this text?
2) supposition: to suppose , to expect , to consider , , to believe , .
Ex.: They consider him to become a good engineer. We believe her to be in Moscow now.
3) physical perception: to watch , to see , to hear , to feel ( to).
Ex.: The students heard him play the piano. She felt somebody look at her
4) statement, knowledge: to know , to find , , to think , to declare .
Ex.: We know him to have taken part in the conference.
5) compulsion, order, prohibition: to cause , , to get, to make ( to) , to command, to order , .
Ex.: We could not get him go there.
6) request, permission: ask , to allow, to permit , to enable .
Ex.: I allowed him to come in.
Complex Subject
Construction | Example |
Complex Subject noun (g. c.) (+ v.) + inf. pron. (n. c.) | They are said to have travelled lot. |
Complex Subject is used in the Passive Voice with the following verbs: to hear , to see , to find , , to know , to report , to expect , , to consider , , to believe , to say , to suppose .
Ex.: The delegation was reported to have already arrived.
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The conference is believed to take place in Minsk.
Complex Subject is used in the Active Voice with the following verbs: to seem, to appear , to prove , to happen , to turn out : to be unlikely (likely) , to be sure (unsure) , , to be certain (uncertain) , .
Ex.: The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change. They are sure to come.
Construction for + noun (pron.) + inf.
Construction | Example |
for + noun (pron.) + inf. | Everybody waited for the meeting to start. This is for you to decide. |
Unit 5. The Participle
Forms of the participle
Active | Passive | |
Participle I | Delivering | being delivered |
Participle II | Delivered | |
Perfect Participle | having delivered | having been delivered |