(The Pronoun)
, :
| I he she it (-, -) we you , they | my (-, -) his her its , our (-, -) your , their | me him her it , us you , them |
, :
| my mine his - his | her hers Its-its | our ours your - yours | their - theirs |
This book is not yours, in is mine.- , .
:
| who - whose - | what - which - | how many ( ) how much ( ) |
some, any, no, every one,body, thing , where .
| some | someone somebody - | something - | somewhere - | |
| any | anyone anybody - | anything - | anywhere - | |
| no/not any | no one nobody | nothing | nowhere | |
| every | everyone everybody , | everything | everywhere , |
s (-es).
, :
| . | ||
| -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o | -es | bus buses, watch-watches |
| radio- radios, piano pianos, photo photos, video - videos | ||
| c + y | ies | baby babies |
| (a, e, o, u) + y | ys | toy toys |
| -f, fe | ves | leaf leaves |
| roof roofs, chief - chiefs |
, :
| man () | men () | mouse () | mice () |
| woman () | women () | goose () | geese () |
| child () | children () | sheep () | sheep () |
| tooth () | tooth () | deer () | deer () |
| foot () | feet () | fish () | fish () |
| (The Positive Degree) | (The Comparative Degree) | (The Superlative Degree) | |
| short () big () | shorter () bigger () | the shortest ( ) the biggest ( ) | |
| , -er, -ly, -y, -w | heavy () lonely () | heavier () lonelier ( ) | the heaviest ( ) the loneliest ( ) |
| attractive (- ) | more attractive ( ) | the mostattractive ( ) |
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| (The Positive Degree) | (The Comparative Degree) | (The Superlative Degree) |
| much, many () | more () | most () |
| little, few () | less, fewer () | least, fewest () |
| good () | better () | best ( ) |
| bad () | worse () | worst ( ) |
| far () | farther ( ) | farthest ( ) |
| far () | further ( ) | furthest ( ) |
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| as as ( ) | He is as tall as his father. | , . |
| not so as ( ) | She is not so clever as her sister. | , . |
| more /less than (/ ) | The red car is more expensive than the black one. | , . |
| the the ( ) | The sooner you come, the better. | , . |
| the more the more ( ) | The more reliable, the more expensive a car is. | , . |
to be
(The Indicative Mood)
| Indefinite | Continuous | Perfect | |
| Present | I am he is we are you are they are | I am being he is being we are being you are being they are being | I have been he has been we have been you have been they have been |
| Am I? | Am I being? | Have I been? | |
| I am not | I am not being | I have not been | |
| Past | I was he was we were you were they were | I was being he was being we were being you were being they were being | I had been he had been we had been you had been they had been |
| Was I? | Was I being? | Had I been? | |
| I was not | I was not being | I had not been | |
| Future | I shall be he will be we shall be you will be they will be | - - - - - | I shall have been he will have been we shall have been you will have been they will have been |
| Shall I be? | - | Shall I have been? | |
| I shall not be | - | I shall not have been |
there is/there are
| there is | there are |
| , , , , |
there is/there are , :
There are twelve months in a year.- .
| There | is was will be | a new shop near our house. | There | are were will be | two new shops near our house. |
| Is Was Will | there be | a new shop near our house? | Are Were Will | there be | two new shops near our house? |
| There | is not was not will be no | a new shop near our house. | There | are not were not will be no | two new shops near our house? |
(Modal Verbs)
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can (could), may (might), must, ought, need . to be, to have shall should.
, . , , , .
, :
1. ,
can could, may might.
2. , , to. ought to.
You may take it.- .
You ought to help him.- .
3. s:
He must go now.- .
4. to do, .
Can you do it?- ?
5. not, .
You may not take it.- .
can (could)
can Indefinite Infinitive , .
Can, , , :
I can speak English.- -.
Can he finish his work next week?- ?
could Indefinite Infinitive , :
He could swim very well when he was young.
, .
may
may Indefinite Infinitive .
May I come in?- ?
must
must Indefinite Infinitive , , , , , , .
Must, , , , :
I must do it now.- .
He must go there tomorrow.- .
must :
You mustnt smoke here.- .
to have
to have , :
I didnt want to go there but I had to.- , .
to have , , ( do, does, did, shall, will). to:
He has to get up at six oclock.- .
Does he have to get up at six oclock?- ?
He doesnt have to get up at six oclock.- .
ought
ought Indefinite Infinitive , , , :
You ought to be more careful.- .
should
should Indefinite Infinitive :
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You shouldnt go to bed so late.-
need
need Indefinite Infinitive , .
Need he come here?- ?
You neednt come so early.- .
to be
to be Present Past Indefinite to:
We are to meet on Friday.- .
We were to meet last Friday.- .
To be , , :
He was to come and see me last week.
.
The Principal says I am to arrange the meeting.
, .
(The Preposition)
1. , . , :
of ,
to ,
with, by .
This is a book of my brother.- .
I am writing with a pencil.-
I was invited by my friend.- .
2. , . , :
He works at a large factory.- .
, , , :
The house which he lives in is very big.- , , .
This novel is much spoken about.- .
3. , .
above , :
The plane flew above the clouds.- .
across :
A big car stood across the road.- .
among , :
The work was divided among four students.
.
at
1. C , , :
She is sitting at the window.- .
He stopped at the door- .
2. , , , - :
I was at the theatre last night.- .
before :
He was sitting before me.- .
behind , :
He was sitting behind me.- .
below , :
He signed his name below mine.- .
beside :
The house stood beside the river.- .
between , :
The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa.
.
by , , :
He was sitting by the window.- .
in ( ?):
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We live in Moscow.- .
on ( ?) ( ?):
Put the magazine on the shelf.- .
over :
A lamp was hanging over the table.- .
under :
He was lying under a tree.- .
along , :
Lets walk along the shore.- .
down , :
He ran down the hill.- .
from -:
He has returned from Kiev.-
into - ( ?):
He put the letter into his pocket.- .
off , -:
He took all the things off the table.- .
out of -:
He ran out of the room.- .
over :
The boy climbed over the wall of the garden- .
past :
He walked past the house.- .
through , :
She looked through the window.- .
to - ( ?):
They went to the Crimea.- .
towards , :
He was walking towards the sea.- .
up , :
He went up the stairs.- .
at :
He will return at seven oclock.- .
before , :
We shall have a walk before dinner.- .
by , :
They fulfilled their plan by the 10th of December.
10 .
during , :
During the last three months he has made great progress in German.
.
from , , :
I shall stay in the library from five till seven.- .
in :
1. :
He was born in 1986.- 1986.
2. :
He will return in a week.- .
3. , , , :
The house was built in three months.- .
on , :
I was there on Tuesday.- .
We returned to Moscow on the 1st of September.- .
over , :
The output of this factory has greatly increased over the past two years.
.
past :
It is half past three.- .
since , :
He has been living in Moscow since last year.- .
: , ( , , ). : , ( , , ).
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| ( ). | I readnewspapers every day (Present Indefinite). |
| ( , ). | I am reading a newspaper (Present Continuous). |
| ( , , ). | I have been reading the newspaper for an hour (Present Perfect Continuous). |
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| () . ( , ). | I have read this book. I can tell you its contents (Present Perfect). |
| () (, ). | I read this article yesterday (Past Indefinite). |
| () , (, ). | I had read this article before he came (Past Perfect). |
| , ( , ). | I was reading the newspaper when he came (Past Continuous). |
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| I shall readthis article tomorrow (Future Indefinite). | |
| , . | I shall have readthis before you come (Future Perfect). |
| , . | I shall be readingthis article before you come (Future Continuous). |
:
() , .
When (If) I read this article I shall give it to you (Present Indefinite).
(The Tenses of the Active Voice)
, .
(Tenses) :
1. Indefinite Tenses ( )
2. Continuous Tenses ( )
3. Perfect Tenses ( )
4. Perfect Continuous Tenses ( )
a) Indefinite
Present Indefinite Tense ( ),
Past Indefinite Tense ( ),
Future Indefinite Tense ( ).
