.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, .1.

. 1.1.

, , , , . ( . 1.1 ), . , , , , .

1. , ?

2. ?

3. ?

4. ?

5. ?

6. ?

7. .

8. ?

9. ?

10. .

11. ?

12. .

13. ?


2.

.

.

.

.

.

- . , , , . 90- . .

Intel 90- . 1996 . 187 . Intel, 80% . 90" . Pentium, Pentium MMX. Pentium Pro, Pentium II Pentium III .

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), Intel , , Intel, . , AMD , Intel .

RISC- (Reduced Instruction Set Computer - ) . . Apple-IBM-Motorola ( AIM) PowerPC (). Hewlett-Packard (HP) PA-RISC, 64- -8000, SUN Microsystems 1995 . Ultracomputing, 64- UltraSPARC I II. 5,2 . , - 5,4 . SGI - 64- R 10000 MIPS, 5,9 . . RISC- Alpha DEC .

90- . Intel , RISC-, ; , , . , , .

HP Intel IA-64 64- . , RISC-. 7, Merced, Itanium. . , 32- ; , 900 .

64- McKinley, 1 . 2001 . Madison, 0,13 , - Deerfield, . IA-64 . , 25 - . Intel 1998 . , 21- : Intel/HP 7 8 PowerPC AIM.

Intel 32- , . Celeron. , AMD 6-2 3DNow! Pentium II . Katmai , AMD 3DNow!

2.1.

Intel x86

, ,
Pentium II 500 0.25
Xeon   0.25
Celeron   0.25
Katman 450, 500 ( 700) 0.25
Tanner   0.25
Coppermine 700 0.18
Willamette   0.18

32- Pentium II. Foster 1 2000 ., , Pentium II Xeon. -Willamette 1 , Pentium II. 0,18 , 0,13 1,2 , 2000 .

, SPEC 95 400- Pentium II 86 RISC-. , RISC- , , Alpha. , RISC- .

AMD Cyrix . 7, Intel P7, AMD Intel: 1999 . Athlon 750 0,18- . Intel -Pentium - 733 . 2000 . AMD Intel , 1 .

.

SUN Microsystems UltraSparc: 1 0,15 , 2002. 1,5 UltraSparc V. - Texas Instruments (TI) - 1998 . 0,07 , 400 . . , IBM 1998 . - PowerPC 750, S/390, RS/6000 AS/400. HP , - 64- PA-8500 - , HP-9000 V . -8000: 2000 . -8600; 2001 . - -8700, -8800 -8900.

Compaq DEC 1998 . Alpha . Compaq Merced, Alpha .

Compaq Tandem ( Tandem, , ), Digital Alpha Server Alpha ev 6 . , , , Compaq Alpha Server. : (Department Server - DS), (Enterprise Server - ES) (Global Server - GS).

Merced Alpha , Alpha Intel, , . Compaq Alpha. Alpha 21364, , Alpha 21264. . 0,18- , 1 .

, 32- , . 64- Intel , . , : 64- , 32- - .

. - , . Crusoe Transmeta ().

, , -: , , .

, - . . , , , ; .. SUN, UltraSPARC . .. E2k ( 2000), 64- . , E2k, 0,18 , Merced ( Itanium) , , McKinley.

. . .

; . 2.2. [11]. (MIPS), (FLOPS) (MTOPS). , . .

2.2

(MIPS)
1000 100000
10 1000
1 100
1 - 100

. . . 2.3. , 90- [47]. .

2.3.

, .
0 1 25
2 3 25 100
4 5 100 500
6 7 500 2000
8 9 2000 8000
  8000

. 0, - , , . -, , , - , .. .

: ; ; ; . , -, .

, , , , .

: , , .

- ; , . ; - -500, 500 .

. , . . , , .

, . International Business Machines (IBM), Burrought ( Unisys), ControlData Corporation (CDC), Cray Research ( ), Siemens (), . 60- . -6.

Cray Research. 90- . , Slicon Graphics? Incorporated (SGI), , . -500, 1999 . (Big Blue) IBM.

, .. . . , (!) .

. , , . ASCI (Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative ).

, . , ASCI Intel Sandia National Laboratories ( . , -, ) 1995 . ASCI Red () 1,8 . \; 9 000 Intel Pentium Pro. 1996 . SGI Cray TZI-900 1 . \, . ASCI Blue Mountain ( ) -.

SUN Microsystem , Ultra Enterprise 10 000 . SGI 1998 . , 2048 ; () U.K. Research Counsil (), . () -. NEC 1998 . SX-5, 4 . .

1998 . IBM Blue Pacific . 3,9 . / RS/6000 SR Power3, IBM AIX OS Unix. Blue Pasific , . . 2000 . IBM ASCI White () 12,3 . /.

1999 . IBM Blue Gene 1 . (10 15- ). 100 . . 4-5 . 1 . . , . , , .

, -3 , , , .

, . , , 70- 80- . , . .

90- . , . , , . , 80- .

Unix- ; . - , . , 77% Amdahl () . 20 30%

90- . IBM ESA/390 (Enterprise System Architecture/390 ) IBM ES/9000. ESA/390 System/360 System/370 ( ), - , . ES/9000 : 9221 ( ), 9121 ( ) 9021 ( ).

. Amdahl, IBM . , : IBM , Amdahl , , , , . Amdahl, Fujitsu, Hitachi (), Comparex Informations Systems, BASF, Siemens-Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG (SNI), .

. IBM 1998 . System 390 G5, 1998 . IBM s/390 G5 900 MIPS; 1040 MIPS, .. 1000 MIPS. .

Amdahl 800 Millennium, -, 1000 MIPS 12 ; 28 . . ECL-, . 2.4.

2.4.

ECL- -

ECL
,    
, .    
, .    
,    

Amdahl MDF (Multiple Domain Feature) ( 15-) . , IBM, SUN Ultra Enterprise 10000, , .

Millennium - MDF (Multiple Domain Feature), , , 2 4 , , , ( 75% ) .

IBM G5 -,Hitachi Comparex ECL, -. , ( 2.5 Comparex).

, . , 99/ 8 , 8 . . ( , .) Comparex 8/8, 8/8 8/9 9/8.

2.5.

Comparex

, MIPS RAM, RAM, -
8/8 4-22 32-356 0-192 8-32
8/8 5-25 35-512 0-480 8-32
8/9 20-84 32-2048 0-1920 8-132
9/8 18-74 64-2048 0-4096 16-128
9/9 50-256 128-2048 0-8192 32-256
99/ 50-386 128-2048 0-8192 32-256
2000 125-990 256-2048 0-10240 64-384
2000 32-870 256-16304 0-16128 3-256

Comparex 2000. Skyline Hitachi 125 MIPS 115 MIPS IBM G5. , , , /. Skyline . , ECL-: 12 (!).

Comparex Skyline, , : - IBM . , IBM 1998 . 80, 1999 . 100 MIPS. IBM 1998 . 115MIPS.

1997 . , . 2.6. ESA , , , .

2.6.

, %
Systm 360 15,5
Systm 370 77,0
IBM 4381; XA/370; ESA/370 7,0
ESA/390 (IBM ES/9000) 0,5

, , . IBM Application System/400 (AS/400) IBM Operating System/400 (S/400).

( 281 ) AS/400 . . AS/400 Web-, . Unix AS/400e -, Windows NT. 1999 . IBM AS/400.

AS/400e 7xx \ OS/400. AS/ 400 7xx 720, 730 740, 64- PowerPC AS A50 North Star. 30% / . OS/400 4.4 LPAR , S/390, . AS/400e Compaq , Intel-.

, : North Star. AS/400 -: 700 , , . , , ; 1999 . 3000 .

RISC- (SUN, DEC, MIPS, HP, IBM, Silicon Graphics .) UNIX, . , , .

90- . UNIX . . , , , - . , ( ), . 64- , UNIX-.

Compaq Alpha. Alpha Server GC60 GS140 , 6 14 Alpha EV6 500 ; Digital UNIX, Open VMS WindowsNT. Alpha Server DS20. , .. ; Alpha Server ES20 ES40 Alpha Server 4100.

, UNIX- , .

RISC- .

(Workstation) 32-, 64- . , , OC UNIX . .

Intel ( i386, i486, Pentium Pentium Pro, Pentium II pentium III, pentiumIV) , OS Windows, . : . . , .

20- . -, . 90- . .

%
(1-99 )  
(100-999)  
( 1000)  
 
 
 

, . , , . ; [9,21].

: , . . , , , , (brand name), , (no brand). 90- . . Dataquest, 2000 .

2.7

2000 .

2000 . - , %
  Compaq 12,6
  Dell 10,6
  HP, IBM 7,1
  NEC 4,4
  Gateway 3,7

, Compaq () , , IBM.

, . ; , 100 . ., . , 1997 . 1,44 .. , 700-800 . . 1998 . , 1999 . 1,33 . . , .

. , 1995 . (!) 39% - 22,5 . .; 1988 . 10 . 17 . . (66%). , , .

. 2000 . 7 ., 4,5 . . , , .

. , , . . 2.8. , (Servise) (Mainterance), ().

2.8

, %

         
(Large-scale systems) 9,0 9,5 9,6 11,0 11,5
(Mid-range systems) 6,9 7,6 7,7 8,1 9,3
(Personal Computers) 14,3 15,2 14,7 14,2 12,3
(Workstatopns) 4,5 4,7 3,8 2,8 1,4
(Software) 11,6 11,5 10,2 9,7 8,8
(Peripherals) 20,3 20,9 22,3 22,0 24,9
(Data Communications) 5,5 5,3 6,3 7,7 7,3
(Servis) 15,6 11,0 10,1 9,0 8,0
(Mainterance) 8,8 11,1 11,5 11,4 12,0
(Other) 3,5 3,2 3,8 4,1 5,4
, . 318,0 290,0 278,5 255,8 243,1




:


: 2016-10-07; !; : 1249 |


:

:

: , .
==> ...

2159 - | 1795 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.083 .