, .1.
. 1.1.
, , , , . ( . 1.1 ), . , , , , .
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- . , , , . 90- . .
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Intel 90- . 1996 . 187 . Intel, 80% . 90" . Pentium, Pentium MMX. Pentium Pro, Pentium II Pentium III .
AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), Intel , , Intel, . , AMD , Intel .
RISC- (Reduced Instruction Set Computer - ) . . Apple-IBM-Motorola ( AIM) PowerPC (). Hewlett-Packard (HP) PA-RISC, 64- -8000, SUN Microsystems 1995 . Ultracomputing, 64- UltraSPARC I II. 5,2 . , - 5,4 . SGI - 64- R 10000 MIPS, 5,9 . . RISC- Alpha DEC .
90- . Intel , RISC-, ; , , . , , .
HP Intel IA-64 64- . , RISC-. 7, Merced, Itanium. . , 32- ; , 900 .
64- McKinley, 1 . 2001 . Madison, 0,13 , - Deerfield, . IA-64 . , 25 - . Intel 1998 . , 21- : Intel/HP 7 8 PowerPC AIM.
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Intel 32- , . Celeron. , AMD 6-2 3DNow! Pentium II . Katmai , AMD 3DNow!
2.1.
Intel x86
, | , | |
Pentium II | 500 | 0.25 |
Xeon | 0.25 | |
Celeron | 0.25 | |
Katman | 450, 500 ( 700) | 0.25 |
Tanner | 0.25 | |
Coppermine | 700 | 0.18 |
Willamette | 0.18 |
32- Pentium II. Foster 1 2000 ., , Pentium II Xeon. -Willamette 1 , Pentium II. 0,18 , 0,13 1,2 , 2000 .
, SPEC 95 400- Pentium II 86 RISC-. , RISC- , , Alpha. , RISC- .
AMD Cyrix . 7, Intel P7, AMD Intel: 1999 . Athlon 750 0,18- . Intel -Pentium - 733 . 2000 . AMD Intel , 1 .
.
SUN Microsystems UltraSparc: 1 0,15 , 2002. 1,5 UltraSparc V. - Texas Instruments (TI) - 1998 . 0,07 , 400 . . , IBM 1998 . - PowerPC 750, S/390, RS/6000 AS/400. HP , - 64- PA-8500 - , HP-9000 V . -8000: 2000 . -8600; 2001 . - -8700, -8800 -8900.
Compaq DEC 1998 . Alpha . Compaq Merced, Alpha .
Compaq Tandem ( Tandem, , ), Digital Alpha Server Alpha ev 6 . , , , Compaq Alpha Server. : (Department Server - DS), (Enterprise Server - ES) (Global Server - GS).
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Merced Alpha , Alpha Intel, , . Compaq Alpha. Alpha 21364, , Alpha 21264. . 0,18- , 1 .
, 32- , . 64- Intel , . , : 64- , 32- - .
. - , . Crusoe Transmeta ().
, , -: , , .
, - . . , , , ; .. SUN, UltraSPARC . .. E2k ( 2000), 64- . , E2k, 0,18 , Merced ( Itanium) , , McKinley.
. . .
; . 2.2. [11]. (MIPS), (FLOPS) (MTOPS). , . .
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2.2
(MIPS) | |
1000 100000 | |
10 1000 | |
1 100 | |
1 - 100 |
. . . 2.3. , 90- [47]. .
2.3.
, . | ||
0 1 | 25 | |
2 3 | 25 100 | |
4 5 | 100 500 | |
6 7 | 500 2000 | |
8 9 | 2000 8000 | |
8000 |
. 0, - , , . -, , , - , .. .
: ; ; ; . , -, .
, , , , .
: , , .
- ; , . ; - -500, 500 .
. , . . , , .
, . International Business Machines (IBM), Burrought ( Unisys), ControlData Corporation (CDC), Cray Research ( ), Siemens (), . 60- . -6.
Cray Research. 90- . , Slicon Graphics? Incorporated (SGI), , . -500, 1999 . (Big Blue) IBM.
, .. . . , (!) .
. , , . ASCI (Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative ).
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, . , ASCI Intel Sandia National Laboratories ( . , -, ) 1995 . ASCI Red () 1,8 . \; 9 000 Intel Pentium Pro. 1996 . SGI Cray TZI-900 1 . \, . ASCI Blue Mountain ( ) -.
SUN Microsystem , Ultra Enterprise 10 000 . SGI 1998 . , 2048 ; () U.K. Research Counsil (), . () -. NEC 1998 . SX-5, 4 . .
1998 . IBM Blue Pacific . 3,9 . / RS/6000 SR Power3, IBM AIX OS Unix. Blue Pasific , . . 2000 . IBM ASCI White () 12,3 . /.
1999 . IBM Blue Gene 1 . (10 15- ). 100 . . 4-5 . 1 . . , . , , .
, -3 , , , .
, . , , 70- 80- . , . .
90- . , . , , . , 80- .
Unix- ; . - , . , 77% Amdahl () . 20 30%
90- . IBM ESA/390 (Enterprise System Architecture/390 ) IBM ES/9000. ESA/390 System/360 System/370 ( ), - , . ES/9000 : 9221 ( ), 9121 ( ) 9021 ( ).
. Amdahl, IBM . , : IBM , Amdahl , , , , . Amdahl, Fujitsu, Hitachi (), Comparex Informations Systems, BASF, Siemens-Nixdorf Informationssysteme AG (SNI), .
. IBM 1998 . System 390 G5, 1998 . IBM s/390 G5 900 MIPS; 1040 MIPS, .. 1000 MIPS. .
Amdahl 800 Millennium, -, 1000 MIPS 12 ; 28 . . ECL-, . 2.4.
2.4.
ECL- -
ECL | ||
, | ||
, . | ||
, . | ||
, |
Amdahl MDF (Multiple Domain Feature) ( 15-) . , IBM, SUN Ultra Enterprise 10000, , .
Millennium - MDF (Multiple Domain Feature), , , 2 4 , , , ( 75% ) .
IBM G5 -,Hitachi Comparex ECL, -. , ( 2.5 Comparex).
, . , 99/ 8 , 8 . . ( , .) Comparex 8/8, 8/8 8/9 9/8.
2.5.
Comparex
, MIPS | RAM, | RAM, | - | |
8/8 | 4-22 | 32-356 | 0-192 | 8-32 |
8/8 | 5-25 | 35-512 | 0-480 | 8-32 |
8/9 | 20-84 | 32-2048 | 0-1920 | 8-132 |
9/8 | 18-74 | 64-2048 | 0-4096 | 16-128 |
9/9 | 50-256 | 128-2048 | 0-8192 | 32-256 |
99/ | 50-386 | 128-2048 | 0-8192 | 32-256 |
2000 | 125-990 | 256-2048 | 0-10240 | 64-384 |
2000 | 32-870 | 256-16304 | 0-16128 | 3-256 |
Comparex 2000. Skyline Hitachi 125 MIPS 115 MIPS IBM G5. , , , /. Skyline . , ECL-: 12 (!).
Comparex Skyline, , : - IBM . , IBM 1998 . 80, 1999 . 100 MIPS. IBM 1998 . 115MIPS.
1997 . , . 2.6. ESA , , , .
2.6.
, % | |
Systm 360 | 15,5 |
Systm 370 | 77,0 |
IBM 4381; XA/370; ESA/370 | 7,0 |
ESA/390 (IBM ES/9000) | 0,5 |
, , . IBM Application System/400 (AS/400) IBM Operating System/400 (S/400).
( 281 ) AS/400 . . AS/400 Web-, . Unix AS/400e -, Windows NT. 1999 . IBM AS/400.
AS/400e 7xx \ OS/400. AS/ 400 7xx 720, 730 740, 64- PowerPC AS A50 North Star. 30% / . OS/400 4.4 LPAR , S/390, . AS/400e Compaq , Intel-.
, : North Star. AS/400 -: 700 , , . , , ; 1999 . 3000 .
RISC- (SUN, DEC, MIPS, HP, IBM, Silicon Graphics .) UNIX, . , , .
90- . UNIX . . , , , - . , ( ), . 64- , UNIX-.
Compaq Alpha. Alpha Server GC60 GS140 , 6 14 Alpha EV6 500 ; Digital UNIX, Open VMS WindowsNT. Alpha Server DS20. , .. ; Alpha Server ES20 ES40 Alpha Server 4100.
, UNIX- , .
RISC- .
(Workstation) 32-, 64- . , , OC UNIX . .
Intel ( i386, i486, Pentium Pentium Pro, Pentium II pentium III, pentiumIV) , OS Windows, . : . . , .
20- . -, . 90- . .
% | |
(1-99 ) | |
(100-999) | |
( 1000) | |
, . , , . ; [9,21].
: , . . , , , , (brand name), , (no brand). 90- . . Dataquest, 2000 .
2.7
2000 .
2000 . | - | , % |
Compaq | 12,6 | |
Dell | 10,6 | |
HP, IBM | 7,1 | |
NEC | 4,4 | |
Gateway | 3,7 |
, Compaq () , , IBM.
, . ; , 100 . ., . , 1997 . 1,44 .. , 700-800 . . 1998 . , 1999 . 1,33 . . , .
. , 1995 . (!) 39% - 22,5 . .; 1988 . 10 . 17 . . (66%). , , .
. 2000 . 7 ., 4,5 . . , , .
. , , . . 2.8. , (Servise) (Mainterance), ().
2.8
, %
(Large-scale systems) | 9,0 | 9,5 | 9,6 | 11,0 | 11,5 |
(Mid-range systems) | 6,9 | 7,6 | 7,7 | 8,1 | 9,3 |
(Personal Computers) | 14,3 | 15,2 | 14,7 | 14,2 | 12,3 |
(Workstatopns) | 4,5 | 4,7 | 3,8 | 2,8 | 1,4 |
(Software) | 11,6 | 11,5 | 10,2 | 9,7 | 8,8 |
(Peripherals) | 20,3 | 20,9 | 22,3 | 22,0 | 24,9 |
(Data Communications) | 5,5 | 5,3 | 6,3 | 7,7 | 7,3 |
(Servis) | 15,6 | 11,0 | 10,1 | 9,0 | 8,0 |
(Mainterance) | 8,8 | 11,1 | 11,5 | 11,4 | 12,0 |
(Other) | 3,5 | 3,2 | 3,8 | 4,1 | 5,4 |
, . | 318,0 | 290,0 | 278,5 | 255,8 | 243,1 |