, , .
(C-O, C-N, C-Cl) (C=C, C=C-C=C, C=O ..), .
- 2--2-. :(CH3)3C-Cl + H2O (CH3)3C-OH + HCl
- . , , .
:- ;- , .
. , , .
, , . , , CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO - CH3COO, - . , (.. , ) .
(). , CaSO4 , (K2SO4), SO42 ( CaSO4). , [Ca2+] [SO42] , .. .
: . , , , : CH3COONa + HCl = CH3COOH + NaCl
- , , : CH3COO + Na+ + H+ + Cl = CH3COOH + Na+ + Cl : CH3COO + H+ = CH3COOH. . : FeSO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + Fe(OH)2