(assets) , (, , . .), ( , , . .).
() (opportunity cost) ,
, . : , , .
( . "") , .
( . "") ,
(English auction) , , .
(antitrust statues) , .
( . " ") , .
( . ", ") , .
( . " ") ( . ) , .
(rent) , , , ( ), .
(information asymmetry) , , .
1 (nonrisk assets) , ( , , .).
(goods) , .
̔ ("pork barrel ") ( ) , .
, , (budget constraint) , , .
() (profit) , ( ) , .
(gross investment) .
(total revenue) , () , . " " , ( ).
|
|
(probability) .
(1tarit of goods) ( ) ( )
.
(substitution of goods) ( ) ( ) .
() (explicit costs) , .
, (extrenalities)
, .
() (implicit costs) .
( ) (internal rate of
return, IRR) .
( ), . : ; , , ( ).
(increasing economy of scale) , . , 20% 30%.
(time preference) .
(the second theorem of welfare economics) , - .
(tt) ( ), .
(revenue) . .
( . "") , , .
(Dutch auction) , , .
(state property) , , .
(bilateral monopoly) , ( ).
( . "") .
( . " , ") , .
|
|
( . ", , ") .
(diversification) , ( ) ( ) .
(portfolio diversification) , .
Δ (prisoners dilemma ) , ( ), .
(discouting) (, ) (snt vlue)
FVn
PDV= ,
(1 + i)n
PDV ;
FVn n ;
i .
.
( . "")
. :
n
σ2 = ∑ πi [xi E (x)]2,
I = 1
σ2 ,
xi ,
πi ,
() .
.
(1gr) ,
.
(dominant strategy) , . , () ,
.
(arc elasticity) , .
- ∆Q P -(Q2 Q1) (P2 + P) / 2 -(Q2 Q1) (P2 + P)
EPD = * = * = *
∆P Q (P2 P1) (Q2 + Q) / 2 (P2 P1) (Q2 + Q1)
(duopoly) , , .
(natural monopoly) , , , , , .
, , , .
, , , , . ., .
(law of supply)
.
, ,
,
, . ., .
(law of demand)
.
, ,
.
ܭ
(law of diminishing marginal returns) , ,
- ( )
,
|
|
.
(g1 1w) ,
, (0 < 1 < 1 ), I > 1
.
, (seated bid auction )
,
, .
(wage) ,
.
(costs) , ()
.
(land rent)
, .
, (land, natural resources)
, .
(, ) (zone of substitution)
, .
(game)
, .
(-zr-su g) ,
, , , .
(zr-su g) ,
,
.
() (sr surplus)
, , ,
() (producer surplus)
.
(isoquant) , ,
;
.
(isocost 1i) , ,
;
C = w * L + r * K C w
K = - *L. r r
. .
(investment)
, . ()
(gross investments) (depreciation)
(t investment) .
( )
,
.
.
.. (Lerner index)
m - MC 1
IL = = ,
m E
IL ;
m ;
;
.
= . , IL = 0. IL
(IL > 0),
. , .
(1 power index) . ,
|
|
.
ߗ (rfindah l irshman index, IHH )
, .
. ,
,
.
:
IHH = S12 + S22 + S32 + + Sn2,
IHH ;
S1 ;
S2 ;
Sn .
(. .
), S1 = 100%, IHH 1 = 10 000. 100 ,
S1 = 1%, IHH = 100.
(individual propertyship) ,
,
.
(individual demand) ,
.
( . "")
.
(institutionalism)
,
.
(intercpecific resources)
- , ,
.
(ita1) ,
.
(isocuant ) ,
,
.
(indifference curve )
.
(rte1) ,
() /
.
( ) (second best)
, -
.
(Keynesian economics)
,
.
(classical contract law) ,
,
.
() (classical liberalism)
, .
,
.
(command economy) ,
() ,
,
.
(compensating wage )
, .
(1tr gds) ,
.
(rative g) ,
.
.
(rrective subsidy)
,
,
.
(rrective t)
, ,
;
, "" .
(corporation) ,
,
(
).
(Gini coefficient) , ,
.
|
|
(short run)
,
.
(indifference curve)
( )
.
"ė" (insti rv) ,
( ).
(contract rv)
,
:
Px
MRSAxy = MRSBxy = .
Py
( Y X
X Y).
(Lr rv) ,
.
(s1 rv)
,
.
() ƭ (production
possibilities curve (fvontier)) ,
,
.
(production contract curve)
- ,
:
w
MRTSALK = MRTSBLK = .
r
.
(reactive curve) ,
.
(demand rv)
,
.
"" (price consumption curve) ,
,
( )
(g1 rv) ,
.
: , .
(Caldor Hicks criteria )
, , ,
, .
(1bbying)
.
(1grolling " ")
" ".
(inferior goods) ,
( ).
,
( ).
(immediate period) ,
.
(intentemporal budget constraint)
.
( )
(deadweight loss)
.
( . thodos" -) ,
.
.
(microeconomics) ,
(, , .)
.
(model) ,
, , .
(median voter model) ,
,
-
(, ).
(tarism) ,
.
(monopol) . .
(listic titi)
, .
, "
", .
(monopsony) .
(moral hazard) ,
,
( ) .
(rivality i stio)
,
. ,
.
(lusivit i sti)
, ,
.
: -
, .
(risk neutrality) ,
.
(-erative g) ,
. .
(lassil ntrt 1w)
,
c.
(rational demand) ,
,
, ,
.
( ) (w
political economy / public choice theory) ,
,
.
(nominal wage rate ) ,
.
(nominal rate of interest) ,
(, , ) .
(rate of depreciation) ,
() .
(normal profit),
έ (zero profit)
.
,
.
(normative economics) ,
,
, (
) .
(total utility, TU)
.
() (common property)
(), ,
, ()
.
(general equilibrium) ,
,
.
(total costs, TC)
- ,
.
(common resources)
: , .
(normal good) ,
,
- ( ).
(risk pooling) ,
, ,
.
( . "") ,
, .
(expected value)
.
(oligopoly) ,
,
,
.
(opportunist behavior)
,
.
, (option)
(),
-
().
.
, , (relational
contracting) ,
.
(negative externality)
, ,
.
, . .
.
(paradox f voting) ,
,
.