(internalization of externalities) ( ) ().
(decreasing economy of scale) , . , 20% 10%.
, . : ; ; , , , . .
(producer equilibrium condition):
MRP1 MRP2 MRPn
= = = .
P1 P2 Pn
(firms equilibrium condition): R = .
(1g-requilibrium in competitive market):
R = = = .
(utilitarism) , , . " " . , , , .
(factors of production) , .
(firm) , : ( ), ; , , .
, , ; , .
(functional demand) , , .
(utility function) , :
U = f(qi),
U ;
qi .
(supply function) , :
Qs = (, , , , N, ),
r ;
;
;
N ;
.
(demand function) , :
Qd = f(P, I, Z, W, Psub, Pcom, N, B),
I (income) ;
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Z(tastes) ;
W (waiting) (, );
P (prices) : (s) (c);
N ;
B .
(futures) .
(hedging) , .
(land price) , , . , :
RJ
PL = ∑.
(1 + i)J
,
RJ R
lim PL = lim ∑ = ,
j→∞ (1 + i)J i
R ,
i .
(luxury goods) , ( ).
(price war) .
(price discrimination) , , .
(partial equilibrium) , .
(private property) , .
, ; , ( ) (. . ).
() ͭ (net present value, NPV) .
NPV = PV(TR - VC) PV (I),
(R - V) ;
I .
(r 1) , , -, .
(r bli gd.) , , . : . , , .
(pure private good) , .
(net investment) , .
( . "") , , , . , . .
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(economics of bureaucracy) , : -, , , , -, , .
, (economics) (, , , , ), .
, , .
() (economic profit) - , , . . , , .
(economic rent) , . () .
(economic freedom) , , .
(economicefficiency) . , , . , , .
(economic agents) , , , .
. .
1 (economic systems) , ; , , , .
(economic purposes) , (), , .
ɨ (economic choice) , . (benefit-cost analysis).
(circular flow ) , .
(i riet) .
(is gd.) , . .
(is ds ) - ,
.
( ) , ( ).
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(elasticity) , ( ) (, .).
(price elasticity of s1) .
