(political business cycle)
.
(political economy)
,
, , , .
: , ,
( );
: ; :
,
, ,
; :
; :
.
(positive externality) ,
,
.
, , .
.
.
(constant economy of scale)
,
. ,
20% 20%.
() (fixed costs, ) ,
.
(fixed factors of production)
, .
(consumer choice) ,
( ).
(ds) ,
.
.
(property rights) ,
,
.
: MRS = MRC.
(profit maximization rule): MRPi = Pi
,
: ,
, , , (,
, ..),
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.
MU1 MU2 MUn
= = = .
P1 P2 Pn
(least cost rule) ,
,
, , .
(marginal rate time
preference, R) ,
,
.
, (marginal rate of substition, MRS) , ( ), ( ) () .
( ) (marginal rate of technical substition of capital for labour, MRTSLK) , .
(marginal rate of transformation, MRT) , X . X. X .
(marginal utility, MU) .
(marginal net return of the investment) : (r-i), r , i .
(marginal efficiency of capital) , , , .
Ш (marginal input cost) .
(marginal revenue, MR) , :
(marginal product, ) , . , .
ۭ (marginal revenue product, MRP) , .
, (entrepreneurialue ability), (grial skills) () .
(representetive democracy) , .
(profit) (total revenue) (total cost): π = R - .
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( . "", "") , .
, "" (free rider problem) , , ( , ).
() () (government failures) , () .
() ( market failures ) , .
(derived demand) , .
(production function) , Q : Q=f(F1,F2,Fn). Q (L) ():
Q = f(L, ).
(production capacity) .
(risk aversion) , , , .
(trade i) , .
(interest) . .
(direct democracy) , .
(Bertrand equilibrium) , . , , . . .
(Cournot equilibrium) , , , , . .
, .
(Stackelberg equilibrium) , ( , , ), , , : .
(equilibrium price) , .
(risk spreading) , , .
(rational ignorance) , .
(real wage rate) , , .
(real rate of interest) , , . . .
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(i resources) . : , , , . .
(risk assets) , .
(Rawls view) , . . , .
(market) , , .
(market economy) , , , .
( . "") , .
(risk preference) , .
(id ) , , .
(perfect competition) , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) .
, (total revenue, TR) , .
TR = P*Q,
R (total revenue) ;
(ri) ;
Q (quantity) .
() (total product, )
, .
(aggregate demand) .
(speculative demand) , , () .
(speculation) , .
(specific resources) , , .
, .
(average costs,) .
(average revenue, R) , . :
TR P*Q
AR = = = P.
Q Q
(average product, AP) , .
- . , , ( ). , .
(interest) , .
