³ PbCl2. 1 0,5-1,0 , , . . , .
2 2
AgCl, Hg2Cl2. Pb2+, Cl-.
Pb2+. , 2 PbCl2. , Pb2+ .
³ AgCl. 2 5-6 6 NH3. Hg(I) 3.
3 3
NH2HgCl + Hg. [Ag(NH3)2]+, Cl.
Ag+. 3 HNO3 . Ag+, AgCl.
3 , . 3 , .
3.1.2.3. 1 .
NaOH NH4+. NH4+-, + Na+ . NH4+-, 10 , . + Na+.
3.1.2.4. ճ . Fe2+, 10-15 2-3 HNO3 . Fe2+ Fe3+:
3Fe2+ + 4H3+ + NO3- = 3Fe3+ + NO + 6H2O.
Fe2+ , .
1
K+, Na+, NH4+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
Mn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, .
. Fe3+ , Cr3+, 3-5 FeCl3. ϳ , , ( ~910 , ) ᒺ 1 (NH4)2HPO4. 1, . . , 5 . .
1 2
Ba3(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2, [Hg(NH3)4]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+
MnNH4PO4, MgNH4PO4, [Zn(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)4]2+,
FePO4, AlPO4, CrPO4. [Zn(NH3)4]2+, [Co(NH3)4]2+,
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ , [Ni(NH3)4]2+,
K+, Na+, NH4+,.
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2 (. . 3.2.1.5). 1 1-2 .
. 1 2 . Ba3(PO4)2, MnNH4PO4 ( ) ; 3.
2 3
FePO4, AlPO4, CrPO4, Ba2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, H2PO4-,
Ba3(PO4)2, MnNH4PO4. .
2 5-7 2 HNO3; 4.
4
Ba2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+.
4. ³ Ba2+. 1-2 H2SO4. Ba2+, , (HCl, HNO3) 3. 4 5-6 1 H2SO4. .
3 5
BaSO4 Mn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, SO42-,
( ). .
³ Al3+ Cr3+ Mn2+ Fe3+. 5 3-5 H2O2 2 NaOH . 6
- ([Al(OH)4]-, CrO42-), () (IV) Fe(OH)3 MnO(OH)2.
4 6
Fe(OH)3, MnO(OH)2 [Al(OH)4]-, CrO42-, Na+, .
( )
6 , CrO42-. .
6 H2SO4 2-3 Al3+ .
3 (Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+). 3 Ba2+ K2Cr2O7. Ba2+, .
³ Ba2+. 3 4-5, K2Cr2O7 ( Cr2O72-). , 1-2 ; BaCrO4 .
5 7
BaCrO4. Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Cr2O72-, .
³ Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+ Cr2O72-. 7 Na2CO3 (<10) 2-3 ; 6 .
6 8
CrO42- , Na+
Mg2+, Mn2+ Ca2+. ( ).
6 2 .
9
Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, .
Mg2+. Mn2+ Mg2+ , Mg2+ Ca2+ 䳺 (NH4)2S2O8. 3-4 9 (NH4)2S2O8 2 H2SO4. 5-7 . 7 , 10 Mg2+ .
7 10
MnO(OH)2, CaSO4 Mg2+ (Ca2+), SO42-, .
( ).
³ Ca2+ Mg2+. 9 . .
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8 11
CaC2O4. [Mg(C2O4)2]2-, [Mn(C2O4)2]2-,
( ). NH4+, .
Ca2+, ( ), 8 2 HCl.
3.1.2.5. . 2 (. . 3.2.1.4). 1 H2SO4 £ 2.
3
Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Hg2+,
K+, Na+, NH4+, .
³ . ³ Na+ K+. : , Na+ (Na2CO3), K+; , K+ (K2CO3), Na+.
3 . 1 Na2CO3 (ͻ8-9), NH3 ( , ).
1 1
(CuOH)2CO3, (ZnOH)2CO3, K+, Na+, .
(HgOH)2CO3, (CoOH)2CO3,
(NiOH)2CO3, (CdOH)2CO3.
3 1 K2CO3 NH3.
2 2
(CuOH)2CO3, (ZnOH)2CO3, K+, Na+, .
(CoOH)2CO3, (NiOH)2CO3,
(CdOH)2CO3, (HgOH)2CO3.
K+ Na+. 5 2 CH3COOH ͻ5-7 K+ . 6 , 7, Na+.
1 2 1 H2SO4 . ᒺ.
3
Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Ni2+,Hg2+.
3 .
3.1.2.6. . ( ).
³ Cu2+ Hg2+. 15-20 3 , 1 H2SO4 2, 2-3 1 Na2S2O3, .
1 1
HgS, Cu2S, S. Zn2+, o2+, Ni2+, Cd2+,
-
, .
1 , , . 3 HNO3 . 2 Cu2+, 2 .
2 2
HgS, S. Cu2+, NO3-.
2 Cu2+ NH3 K4[Fe(CN)6].
2 , 2 HCl 3% H2O2. Hg[HgCl4]. H2O2, Hg2+ 䳺 SnCl2 .
³ Zn2+ Ni2+, Co2+ i Cd2+. 1 ( , ). . , , .
3 3
Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2, Cd(OH)2 ZnO22.
.
3 , (3-5 ) (NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]. Zn2+.
3 . Ni2+, Co2+ i Cd2+ .
, , . , , CO32-, PO43- , , . Ba2+, , SO42- . Ag+, . ϳ .
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( , ), . Na2CO3. , , ; , , :
Ba(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 = BaCO3¯ + 2NaNO3;
2CuSO4 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = (CuOH)2CO3¯ + 2Na2SO4 + CO2;
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3¯ + 6NaCl + 3CO2.
. 7 .
(~0,1 ) 0,4 Na2CO3, 50-60 , , , 5 , . . , ( ~ 7) .
䳺 CO32- (. 3.1.2). , , . 0,1 2-3 (. 3.4).