.
( . τόπος, - ) , .
. 3 :
():
Fat Tree
. , , .
, ( ).
, , , .
, ( ).
, , .
4. .
, .
.
( ).
6. : , , , , , .
(. . hub ) , Ethernet . , .
:
OSI, . , . , . , Ethernet .
(. , . switch ) , . , , , ( MAC- FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF) . , ( ) , .
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:
( ), MAC- . , . - . () , MAC- -, . , , , MAC- , , . MAC- - - , . , . () .
(. ́, ́; . repeater) ,
. . OSI .
́ (. . ́, ́ ( . router /ˈɹu:tə(ɹ)/ /ˈɹaʊtəɹ/[1], /ˈɹaʊtɚ/) ́ ( . router )) , , .,
:
, , , . , .
, , , , , . , , / . .
, , (., . bridge) 2 OSI, () .
:
() ; : , , ( ). ( ), , , , xDSL , , Ethernet
7. TCP/IP .
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TCP/IP (. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ) DOD, . (. stack, ) , , , , . , TCP IP.
TCP/IP DOD :
(application),
(transport),
(network),
(data link).
OSI. TCP/IP IP-. .
TCP/IP , .
8. IP .
IP- : . (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16). , - (Regional Internet Registry, RIR). IANA[1] RIR: ARIN, ; APNIC, - ; AfriNIC, ; LACNIC, ; RIPE NCC, , , . IANA, - (Local Internet Registries, LIR), . IP . . IP-. IP-. IP-, . , IP- , .
IP-
9. IP .
IP - , IP. ; . IPv4 IP- 4 . IPv4 32- . IP- 0 255, , , 192.168.0.1.
IPv6 - 6- IP- 128- . (. fe80:0:0:0:200:f8ff: fe21:67cf). (fe80::200:f8ff: fe21:67cf). .