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1 :

 

1 = 1 / 1 = 1.

 

: 4

1 / 4,

4 1 / 4 = 1.

 

. ,

 

4 ≡ 1 (mod 7)

 

k,

 

4 ≡ 7 k + 1,

 

k .

 

,

(mod n) = 1.

 

 

1 ≡ (mod n).

 

, . , 5 14 3, ..

 

5 3 = 15 ≡ 1 (mod 14).

 

, 2 14.

1 ≡ (mod n)

 

, n .

n ,

1 ≡ (mod n)


.

. Î {0, 1, 2, , n - 1}.

(, n) = 1, i (mod n) i = 0, 1, 2, , n 1 {0, 1, 2, , n - 1}.

. = 3 n = 7 ( (3, 7) = 1), 3 i (mod 7)

i = 0, 1, 2, , 6 0, 3, 6, 2, 5, 1, 4, .. {0, 1, 2, , 6}.

 

, (, n) ¹ 1.

 

. = 2 n = 6, 2 i (mod 6) º 0, 2, 4, 0, 2, 4

i = 0, 1, 2, , 5.

 

(, n) = 1, 1,
0 < 1 < n, ,

1 º 1 (mod n).

 

, i (mod n) 0, 1, 2, , n 1, i ,

 

i º 1 (mod n).

 

, 0 n 1 n. , ( > 0) r = a (mod n) 0 n 1.

n. .

 

. n = 11 . 11: {0, 1, 2, , 10}. : 0. 11 11 1 = 10 .

 

, n n 1 .

. n = 10. 10: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. 1, 3, 7, 9 10. 10 {1, 3, 7, 9}. :

 

  ( ),
2 ( ),
5 ( ),

 

.. . 10, 10 6 = 4. , .

 

p q = n ( p 1) (q 1) .

. n = p q = 2 5 = 10 (p 1) (q 1) = (2 1) (5 1) = 4.

 

. 27 = 3 3 18 : {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26}. , 3 ( ).

 

: n r n r 1 (n 1) .

n = 3, r = 3 3 3 1 (3 1) = 3 2 2 = 18 .

 

j(n).

1.3.1 j(n)

 

n j(n)
n n 2 ... n r n 1 n (n 1) ... n r 1 (n 1)
p q (p, q - ) ... ... i ei (p i - ) (p 1) (q 1) ... ... i ei (p i 1)

 

, j(n) , n, n.

 

: n (, n) = 1,

n 1 º 1 (mod n).

 

: (, n) = 1,

j(n) º 1 (mod n).

 

n , , , j(n) = n 1, ( )

 

n 1 º 1 (mod n).

 





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