| 1. to coin | a) to make smth exist that didn’t exist before |
| 2. to insist | b) to make sure that someone gets what they need, esp. by giving it to them |
| 3. to create | c) to invent a new word or expression, esp. one that many people start to use |
| 4. to develop | d) to make smth continue in the same way or at the same high standards as before |
| 5. to maintain | e) to include smth as a necessary part or result |
| 6. to occur | f) to make smth return to its former level or condition |
| 7. to involve | g) to say firmly that smth is true, esp. when other people think it may not be true |
| 8. to require | h) to happen (formal) |
| 9. to restore | i) to grow or change into amore advanced state |
| 10. to provide | j) 1) to need smth.; 2) to officially demand that people do smth, because of a law or rule |
IV Translate from Russian into English
1. Рождение социологии связано с именем французского ученого Огюста Конта.
2. Огюст Конт первым поставил вопрос о создании науки об обществе.
3. Термин «социология» был введен Огюстом Контом в середине 19 века.
4. Конт считал основным фактором общественного развития духовное и умственное совершенствование человека.
5. Творчество Эмиля Дюркгейма утвердило социологию как научную дисциплину.
6. Дюркгейм формулирует собственный социологический метод в своей работе «Метод Социологии».
7. Дюркгейм называет две формы социальной солидарности: механическую и органическую.
8. По Дюркгейму уровень развития общества определяется характером разделения труда.
9. Разделение труда понимается не только как экономическое, но и как социальное явление.
10. В обществе с механической солидарностью индивид поглощается коллективом.
11. Человеческая индивидуальность возможна только в обществе с органической солидарностью.
Text 2
Herbert Spenser
Herbert Spenser (1820 – 1903) was the most prominent early sociologist writing in English to claim that there should be a science of society, just as there is a science of nature. Spenser’s social thought rejected arrangements that were incompatible with the unfolding Industrial Revolution. Industrial leaders viewed the first generation of factory workers in the same way (Spenser 1972). His ideas were compatible with the interest of industrial capitalists; Andrew Carnegie was one of his admirers. Unlike Marx he didn’t view society from the perspective of the exploited and disinherited.
In nature, progress moves from the simple to the complex; from homogeneity in structure to heterogeneity in structure. According to Spenser, the “more advanced” human races developed larger brains.
Spenser borrowed and modified ideas from biology and perhaps is best-known for applying survival of the fittest, a phrase he coined to human culture and society.
Throughout his life Spenser remained wedded to what came to be the discredited ideas of Lamarckian evolution. Chevalier Lamarck (1744 – 1829) was a French naturalist, who believed that acquired characteristics could be inherited. Spenser also thought that acquired characteristics such as changes, occurring in human culture, were biologically transmitted to the next generation. Spenser remains significant for important ideas he contributed in the early history of sociology, such as structure, function system and equilibrium.
I Vocabulary
1. to claim – 1) требовать; 2) заявлять
2. incompatible – несовместимый
3. to view – рассматривать
4. to borrow – заимствовать
5. to modify – модифицировать
6. to apply – (здесь) употреблять, применять
7. survival of the fittest – выживает сильнейший
8. to remain wedded to – остаться преданным
9. acquired characteristics – приобретенные характеристики
10. to inherit – унаследовать
11. equilibrium – равновесие
II Comprehension check
1. What did Herbert Spenser claim?
2. What did Spenser’s social thought reject?
3. What did Spenser borrow and modify ideas from?
4. What phrase is he best-known for?
5. What ideas did Spenser remain wedded to throughout his life?
6. What did Spenser think about acquired characteristics?
7. What important ideas did Spenser contribute in the early history of sociology?
