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III Match the verb on the left with the correct definition on the right




 

1. to coin a) to make smth exist that didnt exist before
2. to insist b) to make sure that someone gets what they need, esp. by giving it to them
3. to create c) to invent a new word or expression, esp. one that many people start to use
4. to develop d) to make smth continue in the same way or at the same high standards as before
5. to maintain e) to include smth as a necessary part or result
6. to occur f) to make smth return to its former level or condition
7. to involve g) to say firmly that smth is true, esp. when other people think it may not be true
8. to require h) to happen (formal)
9. to restore i) to grow or change into amore advanced state
10. to provide   j) 1) to need smth.; 2) to officially demand that people do smth, because of a law or rule

IV Translate from Russian into English

 

1. .

2. .

3. 19 .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. : .

8. .

9. , .

10. .

11. .

 

Text 2

Herbert Spenser

 

Herbert Spenser (1820 1903) was the most prominent early sociologist writing in English to claim that there should be a science of society, just as there is a science of nature. Spensers social thought rejected arrangements that were incompatible with the unfolding Industrial Revolution. Industrial leaders viewed the first generation of factory workers in the same way (Spenser 1972). His ideas were compatible with the interest of industrial capitalists; Andrew Carnegie was one of his admirers. Unlike Marx he didnt view society from the perspective of the exploited and disinherited.

In nature, progress moves from the simple to the complex; from homogeneity in structure to heterogeneity in structure. According to Spenser, the more advanced human races developed larger brains.

Spenser borrowed and modified ideas from biology and perhaps is best-known for applying survival of the fittest, a phrase he coined to human culture and society.

Throughout his life Spenser remained wedded to what came to be the discredited ideas of Lamarckian evolution. Chevalier Lamarck (1744 1829) was a French naturalist, who believed that acquired characteristics could be inherited. Spenser also thought that acquired characteristics such as changes, occurring in human culture, were biologically transmitted to the next generation. Spenser remains significant for important ideas he contributed in the early history of sociology, such as structure, function system and equilibrium.

 

I Vocabulary

 

1. to claim 1) ; 2)

2. incompatible

3. to view

4. to borrow

5. to modify

6. to apply () ,

7. survival of the fittest

8. to remain wedded to

9. acquired characteristics

10. to inherit

11. equilibrium

 

 

II Comprehension check

 

1. What did Herbert Spenser claim?

2. What did Spensers social thought reject?

3. What did Spenser borrow and modify ideas from?

4. What phrase is he best-known for?

5. What ideas did Spenser remain wedded to throughout his life?

6. What did Spenser think about acquired characteristics?

7. What important ideas did Spenser contribute in the early history of sociology?

 





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