negative prefix:
Example: Since many human (orders) are due to defective genes, genetics is concerned with the study of hereditary defects.
Since many human disorders are due to defective genes, genetics is concerned with the study of hereditary defects.
1 Some hereditary defects are (compatible) with life. 2 When inheritance is sex-linked, as in hemophilia and muscular (trophy), half the boys born to women carrying gene is affected. 3 In dominant (orders), which make up a tiny fraction of hereditary (orders), only one parent need have an (normal) gene for there to be a 50 per cent chance that a child will be afflicted. 4 Penicillin is an example of an (biotic). 5 An (gen) is a substance usually foreign to the body. 6 The flu virus (gen) enters the body, causing the production of (bodies) in the bloodstream. 7 An anomaly is a structure or organ with an (regular) formation.
15 Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the use and meaning of due to:
1 Meat poisoning is usually due to organisms of Salmonella group. 2 Appendicitis is a bacterial infection due to streptococci, colon bacilli and other organisms. 3 Early deaths are due to toxemia and less frequently to complicating infections. 4 Deaths in the second or third week are due to myocarditis or other complicated infections. 5 Pyloric obstruction due to scar tissues formation may occur and may be partial or complete. 6 Air contamination due to motor exhausts is generally heaviest in the business and industrial districts. 7 What were inflammatory processes after operations due to? 8 Food poisoning may be due to a variety of causes, including the injection of organic and inorganic chemical substances as well as bacterial poisoning.
16 Give an adequate translation of the following:
1 We know that many infectious diseases are caused by viruses. 2 It has been established that tissue therapy should be accompanied by other methods of treatment accepted for the given disease. 3 It has been observed that all the patients to whom tissue had been grafted display improved spirits and appetite. 4 The doctor wants to know what the patient takes when he cannot sleep. 5 The patient was eager to know when he would be discharged from the hospital. 6 There are some cases when it is desirable to fumigate a room or a house. 7 Formalin is one of the most effective fumigants, when properly used. 8 Fumigation is rarely used today because it is not always effective. 9 We know that most disease germs die quickly when they leave the body, and so we do not consider fumigation so important. 10 A culture medium is a prepared substance on which microorganisms will grow.
17 Translate the following:
1 As the home treatment was ineffective, the doctor decided to hospitalize the patient. 2 As penicillin is effective in treating inflammations, it is widely used for injections. 3 When the acute symptoms subsided, weakened muscles began to gain new strength. 4 Since the operation was performed safely, the surgeon is confident that the patient will recover quickly. 5 The surgeon postponed the operation, because the patient was very weak. 6 Whenever it is possible, sulfonamides should be used. 7 One disadvantage of streptomycin is that tubercle bacilli may become resistant to it. 8 Medical men know bacteria to be killed by boiling. 9 The surgeon ordered the nurse to bring to the dressing room the patient with an open bleeding wound on the leg. 10 The students watched the surgeon make a midline abdominal incision with a scalpel. 11 We need iron to make the hemoglobin, or red coloring matter of the blood cells, that provides the power to carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
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18 Supply a suitable adverbial particle to express complete action, use a dictionary if necessary:
Example: Im afraid this brand of sleeping pills is sold.
Im afraid this brand of sleeping pills is sold out.
1 You ought to pump some more distilled water to bring its level to the one liter mark. 2 The whole batch of thyme must be dried first before we can send it for further treatment at the pharmaceutical works. 3 Will you please wrap this collection of drugs and have it carried to the works dispensary? 4 Some pharmacologists think that a new classification of medicinal herbs ought to be worked . 5 When you have made the list of drugs that can be sold over the counter, will you file it where it belongs? 6 These are all the data you wished me to find for you. 7 I certainly wont take much of your precious time. 8 Im going to the post office to hand this registered letter. 9 Climb to that top shelf but make sure you dont fall.... 10 Here is the medicine; drink it all and youll soon fall to sleep.
19 Change the italicized words by the words given in brackets. Translate the sentences. Make each sentence negative:
1 He has already carried out new experiments (begun, done, changed, introduced, extended, prepared). 2 Physiologists have studied the function of the human heart (described, established, determined, examined).
20 Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
1 The number of the vertebrae which form coccyx may be from one to five. 2 In the human body the skeletal muscles number 600. 3 A number of interesting findings were found experimentally. 4 The muscles of the human body are different in their form 5 A number of muscular fibres form a band. 6 Will you bring me your notes of the lectures in Physiology? 7 The venous blood is brought to the right atrium of the heart. 8 The chemical formula of carbon dioxide is CO2. 9 The venous blood has much carbon dioxide. 10 The chemical formula of oxygen is O2. 11 Oxygen is necessary for life. 12 To oxygenate means to receive much oxygen. 13 The venous blood is oxygenated in the lungs. 14 The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm. g.
21 Give the subject and the predicate of the following sentences:
1 When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes shorter and the other longer. 2 The pressure in the cranial cavity is increased as a result of the increase in arterial pressure. 3 In man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 4 Can life exist without oxygen? 5 A cardiac cycle is composed of the wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6 In the human body sex differences exist in the inner organs and their functions.7 The pleura is a special tissue which covers the lungs with a thin layer. 8 Different actions which are repeated every day before going to bed also act as stimuli which produce the process of inhibition.
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22 Pick out the verb in each sentence and say whether it is the active or passive voice:
1 The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2 No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper extremities. 3 The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4 If chemotherapy had not been discontinued last week liver damage would have become too severe. 5 Profuse external bleeding had to be controlled in time lest the patient would die. 6 The physician insisted that the patient should follow a strict diet. 7 This idea is likely to be supported by everybody. 8 It is important that all surgical instruments will be sterilized adequately.
23 Write questions to which these sentences are answers:
1 After this worker had been taken to the hospital, he was examined by some specialists. 2 While the patient was examined, he complained of pain in his stomach. 3 He wants to be taken to the hospital where professor K. works. 4 After a great number of scientific research institutes had been established, the scientists have possibility to carry out different researches. 5 D. Samoilovych, born in Ukraine, was known in Europe where his works on the fight against the plague were republished repeatedly. 6 The patient had been operated on in due time and that is why he recovered quickly. 7 The results of this experiment provided fresh proof that an organism is a complex system.
24 Put a special question to each sentence:
1 This system makes it possible to restore the working capacity in 82 per cent of the people who have had an infraction of the myocardium. 2 It has been established that the roots of the disease can often be traced back to childhood. 3 The Institute is also studying the question of organizing the pulmonological service and some measures which are essential if we are to achieve our aim of having a population with healthy lungs. 4 If the heart transplant problem is far from its solution, them the making of artificial organs is less realistic. 5 Hyperbaric oxygenation was also used for the first time in cases where women with congenital or acquired faults of the heart were giving birth.
25 Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold types:
1 The patient had a bad ache in his ear. 2 My head aches so that I cannot read. 3 The X-ray examination did not reveal any lung trouble. 4 The doctor wants to know what troubles the patient. 5 I do not doubt that the patient will feel well after the treatment. 6 There is no doubt that the pain will be controlled soon. 7 During the operation the approach to the diseased portion of the colon was difficult. 8 He approached the house in which all the windows were dark. 9 The bands of muscular fibers may be long or short. 10 The human leg has a large surface. 11 Show us in the picture the point of connection of the rib and the breastbone. 12 The origin of some diseases is not well studied. 13 He is the Ukrainian by origin. 14 He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of 45. 15 The patient had a very high temperature it was 39.5 C. 16 The patients health was restored after the course of treatment. 17 My brother looks ill because he has been ill since the beginning of the spring. He fell ill with the flu on the first of March. 18 Yesterday a call came to our polyclinic from a patient who lived in Lenin street. The patient called in a doctor because he had pain in the chest. The therapeutist made the diagnosis of pneumonia. This disease is called pneumonia because it is caused by pneumococci.
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26 Translate the sentences, notice the conjunctions:
1 As long as the pains persisted, the patient was given medicine. 2 Doctor Smith as well as doctor Brown is a surgeon. 3 In order to discuss this question we have to meet today. 4 As soon as the medicine was injected to the patient, he fell asleep. 5 They went as far as they could. 6 The doctors try to help the patients as much as they can. 7 As far as donors are concerned, the problem is when, in what moment the living heart can be taken out for transplantation. 8 He promised to inform me these results as soon as he can.
27 Translate the sentences, pay attention to compound prepositions:
1 Due to good laboratory data the doctor could define this disease. 2 Because of bad preparing he couldnt pass the examination. 3 It was owing to the doctors overseeing that the mistake occurred. 4 This may happen because of extensive tooth decay and because of an accident. 5 Thanks to this doctor he was admitted to the hospital. 6 Due to the latest invention in the surgery we have big great success in the treatment of these patients. 7 The worker could not work owing to severe pain in his stomach. 8 The professor could not deliver this lecture because of his illness. 9 This patient became well thanks to this treatment. 10 Due to some new inventions in medicine the number of the patients suffering from infectious diseases is decreasing from year to year. 11 The patient could not tell the doctor about the symptoms because of his bad state.
28 Translate the sentences, define the function of if:
1 The doctor wants to know if everything is ready. 2 If the doctor keeps us waiting, we shall be late for the train. 3 They asked the dean if it was necessary for them to be present at this conference. 4 If she fell ill, we should call in a doctor at once. 5 We were not sure if the train would arrive on time. 6 If he were in your place, he would fulfil the task in a few days. 7 The doctor was asked if he knew the best method of treatment of this disease. 8 She would not come here, even if we invited her for she is ill.
29 You are in a cardiological department. The chief physician of the department will answer your questions. Ask him as follows:
