, - .=P/P.
P-- , . , P.-. - . ρ = Pρ
. . ρ 100%- ρ P = ρ / ρ.
4. . (Spontaneous potential-SP)
SP .--. , - :
1. ( ) .
2. - , .
3. , . .
4. - , , .
. M N.
4 -, - : , , , -, , ˚, ..
- - - : ΔU=f(ρ, ρs, ρ, ρ, ρsp, Dsp,h,t˚) : .
: E+E+E= i (R+R+RC). U, M , ES=E+E+E. ΔU = i R = ES- i (R-R), , i , . , ΔU .
< h/dc > .. ρ, > ΔU ES:V= ΔU/ ES.
h>=2-3(4D), ΔU ES.
ES = (K + K ) lg ρ / ρ = K lg ρ / ρ.
K .. ρ, ρ - .. .-.
(K = K ) .. .-. (ρ = ρ, = ), ES=0( )
ρ < ρ, > , -ΔU, , .
|
|
|
.:ΔU=UM UN.: gradΔU.
6 .
1. ;
2. - ( );
3. : ρ < ρ, > - . ; ρ > ρ, < ; ρ = ρ ΔU = -70 lg ρ / ρ;
4. . .
( )
() ()
() ()
5.- . (): α= ΔU/Emax
 | |||
 |
.
7 : . -.
- - , - -.
8 . : 
, 1 > 2 R (8,31 /˚), z , F (9,65)(/ ), u v ; K ( NaCl t = 20˚C K = -11,6). , T = 293K, z = 1, n=1,U=45,6*10 /, V=67,6*10 /: 
.
9- . . - - , . , d r (d<<r)(d/r ≈ 0) n nA ( ) , . r d/r→1, n→1, nA→0: E = 58,4 lg C1/C2 = K lg ρ / ρ. NaCl t = 20˚C -11,6< K <58. K =(K - ), -10<= <= 70, K
=(- 11,6+70)=58,4
