( ) ( ). 䳿 . , . , , : , , , .
1.
: , , , ( ) (). .
2.1. ( )
( , , ..), 䳿 , , . , . - , [1, 6]. . , , . .
2.1.1. ( ) . , , ( , ) :
= = .
. .
, , , ( ≤ 1,50), (,50 ≤ ≤ 2,20) (2,20 ≤ ≤ 2,50). , . ³ λ = / . λ 1,5...1,6. :
|
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= λ∙0, (2.1)
:
= 0∙λ(n-1)/n, (2.2)
n , :
n = 1,40...1,60 ,
n = 1,55...1,75 ' ,
n = 1,50...2,00 .
ρ:
, (2.3)
R = 287 /(∙) .
2.1.2. , , 䳿 .
r :
r = (1,05...1,10)∙ ,
r = (1,10...1,15)∙ ,
r = (1,15...1,25)∙ ,
r = (0,75...0,98)∙ .
r , :
r = (900...1100) ˚ ,
r = (700...900) ˚ .
!
r. 5% 2.1.2., r, , r . (). ³ , . 2- .
2.1.3. , ∆:
= ∆, . (2.4)
∆ :
∆ = (0,05...0,20)∙ ,
∆ = (0,03...0,18)∙ ,
∆ = (0,03...0,10)∙ .
, , .
( ):
= 0,078...0,093 ,
= 0,083...0,095 ,
= 0,130...0,180 .
2.1.4. ϳ . . . , . () .
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∆ :
∆ = (5...25)˚ ,
∆ = (20...40)˚ ,
∆ = (5...10)˚ ,
∆ = (5...+5)˚ .
2.1.5. γr, . γr . :
, (2.5)
ε .
:
γr = 0,04...0,10 ε < 10 (),
γr = 0,03...0,06 ε > 10 ().
2.1.6. [23,26], :
, ˚. (2.6)
2.1.7. ηv , ' Vh , (, = = ).
:
(2.7)
:
ηv = 0,75...0,85 ,
ηv = 0,80...0,90 ,
ηv = 0,85...0,95 .
, (, ).
n1. , .
2.2.1. 䳿 , , , [1, 2, 4, 6]. . :
n1 = 1,41 100/n, (2.8)
nl ;
n /.
2.2.2. :
= (V/V)n1, (2.9)
= (V/V)(n1-1), ˚ (2.10)
, , ;
V V ' ' , .
(2.9...2.10) !
2.2.3. (2.9) (2.10) V = V, V ' . , V/V = ε, :
= εn1, (2.11)
= ∙ε(n1-1), ˚. (2.12)
:
= 0,9...1,6 = 650...750˚ ,
= 3,0...4,0 = 800...900˚ ,
= 4,0...7,0 = 900...1000˚ .
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2.3.
, , ( ) . . . .
2.3.1. , . .
2.3.1.1. l0 , , ( ):
, / (2.13)
:
, / (2.14)
0,23 0,21 ', ;
, , , , /.
̳ l0 L0 : l0/L0 = μ, μ = 28,97 / .
- 10 L0 1 l0 L0 .
2.3.1.2. - , , . - 1 L, :
L = α∙Lo, / (2.15)
α ( ).
2.3.1.3. ʳ - l, 1 :
1 = α∙L0 + 1/m, / (2.16)
μ , /. ³, m = 110...120 180...200 / .
2.3.1.4. ϳ 1 - 2 . , α > 1:
, /, (2.17)
α < 1:
, / (2.18)
2.3.1.5. . β0:
β0 = 2/1. (2.19)
, . ij β :
β = (β0 + γr)/(1 + γr). (2.20)
2.3.2. г
. , α ≥ 1:
. (2.21)
α < 1:
. (2.22)
:
(2.23)
(2.21...2.23):
μvz μz ' , , /(∙);
μvc , /(∙);
λ = z/c ;
z Pz (˚) () ;
Q /;
ζ , ζ = 0,75...,90 ζ = 0,70...,85 ;
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∆Q α < 1, :
∆Q = 119950∙( α)L0, /. (2.24)
2.3.2.1. /() , . :
μv = 20,16 + 1,7410-3, (2.25)
μvc μpz + ·z, :
μvz = (18,4 + 2,6α) + (15,5 + 1,8α)10-4z, (2.26)
μpz = 8,314 + (20,2 + 0,92/α) + (15,5 + 1,8/α)10-4z (2.27)
2.3.2.2. λ = z/c :
λ = 1,2...1,6 ,
λ = 1,4...2,2 ,
λ = 1,7...2,6 .
: λ, . , dP/dα. λ , . . [23,27] 䳿 .
λ,
z = λc 9...10 !
2.3.3. z . ϳ (2.21...2.23). z, . :
z = 1800...2200˚ ;
z = 1900...2300˚ ;
z = 2300...2800˚ .
2.3.4. z :
z = Pcβz /, . (2.28)
λ = z/P 3,2...4,5.
2.28 , . ij :
= 0,85z. (2.29)
, , , . λ, , Pz. , , .
. 䳿:
( ), ( , )
( z z).
, ( z).
2.4.1. ρ ' Vρ ' V :
ρ = Vρ/V = (β·z)/(λ·), (2.30)
( ρ = 1).
2.4.2. δ ' Vb ' Vρ. :
δ = Vb/Vρ = V/V = ε/ρ, (2.31)
( δ = ε/ρ = ε).
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2.4.3. [1, 2, 4, 6]. :
= z/(Vx/Vc)n2, , (2.32)
= z/(V/V)(n2 -1), ˚K, (2.33)
:
Pz = Pz/(Vx/Vρ)n2, , (2.34)
= z/(Vx/Vρ)(n2 - 1), ˚K, (2.35)
, , ;
V ' ;
n2 .
(2.32...2.35) .
2.4.4. b b (2.32...2.35) V = Vb. , Vb/Vc = ε, Vb/Vρ = δ, :
Pb = Pz/εn2 Pb = Pz/δn2, (2.36)
Tb = Tz/ε(n2 -1) Tb = Tz/δ(n2 -1), ˚ (2.37)
2.4.5. n2 n , , :
n2 = 1,22 + 130/n (2.38)
:
b = 0,2...0,4 b = 1200...1700˚ ,
b = 0,3...0,5 b = 1100...1200˚ ,
b = 0,4...0,6 b = 1200...1400˚ .
2.5. ( )
, , r ( 2.1.2.).
:
, ˚ (2.39)
ϳ r (. 2.1.2.):
∆ = |( r)/ | < 0,05 (2.40)
∆ > 0,05 (, 5%) , 2.1.2. .
2.6. , . 2.1. 1 N. , 1.5. , 5 1, :
1. () . | 5. ճ , . |
2. , | 6. . |
3. , /. | 7. . |
4. ij , . | 8. , /(∙) |
, , 4. , . .
2.7. -V (. 2.1) . 4.
' , V V. ' , V. , V = 25 , ε = 6 ' V 256 = 150 . 25 () 150 (). ϳ - ': .
. , . : : 0,01, 0,02, 0,025, 0,04, 0,05, 0,075, 0,1 (/). .
2.1.
: ( ) | |||
n | / | ||
N | |||
- | |||
ε | - | ||
α | - | ||
Q | / | ||
: | - | ||
- | |||
- | |||
/ | |||
: 0 | |||
0 | ˚K | ||
λ | - | ||
n | - | ||
. . | |||
. | ˚ | ||
: ΔP | |||
γr | - | ||
Δ | ˚ | ||
ηv | - | ||
T | ˚ | ||
: n1 | - | ||
c | |||
Tc | ˚ | ||
μvc | /(ּ) | ||
: ζ | - | ||
λ | - | ||
μvz μpz (+ּTz) | . | ||
. | |||
Tz | ˚K | ||
z | |||
: δ | - | ||
n2 | - | ||
Pb | |||
b | ˚ | ||
: Ғ | ˚K | ||
Δ | % |
, : μvz (μpz) = + ∙z (. . 2.27).
ϳ .
:
r(V,), (V,), (V,), z'(Vc,z), z(Vρ,z) b(V,b).
:
r(Vc,), (Va,Pa), (Vc,c), z(Vc,Pz), z'(Vc,'z) b(Va,b)
' .
, , (V,P) r (V,), , (Vc) (Va).
, :
(V,) z (Vc,Pz)
(Vc,c), z' (Vc,z) z (Vρ,Pz) .
:
a (V,P) (V,P) ,
z (Vc,z) b (Vb,Pb)
z (Vρ,Pz) b (Vb,Pb) .
. 2.9 (), 2.32 ( ) 2.34 ( ). ' V , V Vρ . ( ). . :
2.2
Vx , | , | ||
ϳ . 2.1. ˳, z' 'z. ˳ (V, ).
.
. 2.1. -V
() , . ³ ᒺ .
3
,
, ( ), . 㳿 () , . , , .
3.1.
i , ' . . i F P-V (. 2.1), , , :
i = (F/L)∙μp, (3.1)
F 2;
L ( V V);
μp /.
, . , F . , 3...8% . :
, (3.2)
, ;
, ;
λ ;
ρ ( ρ = 1);
n1 n2 , ;
ε ;
δ ( δ = ε).
ν, :
ν = 0,94...0,97 ;
ν = 0,92...0,96 .
:
Pi = ∙ν, (), (3.3)
:
= 0,8...1,1 ,
= 0,7...1,0 ,
= 0,9...1,5 .
, , , , . η :
, (3.4)
ρ , /3;
Q /.
ϳ :
η = 0,27...0,35 ,
ηi = 0,37...0,50 .