:
- . - . , . -.
- . .
- . . . , : .
, . , , -, .
22.
- .
.
- : , , (), ().
η = W/Q .
.
η = W/Q= W/( ∙ Q)
[/] ∙ [/] = [/]
W= [/]
η = (860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q) = [( ∙ / ) / / ∙ /] = [(/) / (/)]
η = (3600 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q) = [(/ ∙ ) / / ∙ /] = [(/) /(/)]
.
η= η ∙ η ∙ η/
η= η ∙ η ∙ η/ = (860 ∙ N)/Q ∙ Q/Q/ ∙ Q//Q,
η ;
η ;
η/ .
η = η ∙ ηt ∙ η ∙ ηoi = (860 ∙ N)/Q,
Q , .
η= Q/Q/
η/ = Q//Q,
Q = ∙ Q
η= (860 ∙ N)/ Q= (860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q)
η/ = 0,88 ÷ 0,94
η= 0,995
η = 0,39 ÷ 0,42
η = 0,34 ÷ 0,39 (0,35 ÷ 0,40)
η η/.
.
η =(860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q)
.
N= N + N
N= N - N
N= N (1 - N)/ N)
k = N/ N
k= 3÷ 5% = 0,03÷0,05
η =(860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q)
η =[860 ∙ N)(1 - k)]/ ( ∙ Q)
η = η ∙ (1 - k)
η < η
|
|
|
q = Q / N = 860 / η [/ ]
q = Q / N = 3600 / η [/ ]
η= (860 ∙ N)/ q
η= 860/ q
q= 860/ η
q= 3600/ η
η = 0,4
q= 2150 /
q= 9000 /
, .
η =(860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q)
= / N=[/ ]
η =(860 ∙ N) / ( ∙ Q) = [/ ]/[/]
η =(3600 ∙ N) / ( ∙ Q) = [/ ]/[/]
= 860 / (Q ∙ η)
= 3600 / (Q ∙ η)
= 860 / (7000 ∙ η) = 0,123/ η
= 3600 / (29330 ∙ η) = 0,123/ η
0,123 , 1 , = 100%. 123 .
, .
>
q > q
d = / N = [/] / [ ] = [/]
.
, :
Q = Q + Q
Q = Q + Q
η= η ∙ η ∙ η/
η= η ∙ η ∙ η/
23.
η = (860 ∙ N) / Q , η = 0,39 ÷ 0,97
Q = Q + Q
η = Q / Q , η = 0,98 ÷ 0,99
Q = Wi + Q + Q
Wi (Ni) , Q .
Wi + Q = Q
η = (860 ∙ Ni ∙ η ∙ η) / Q
N = Ni ∙ η ∙ η
η = 0,39 ÷ 0,42
Q , η = 0,39 ÷ 0,97
( ), Q = Wi
860 ∙ Ni = Wi
η ( ) = η ∙ η ≈ 0,96 ÷ 0,97
η = η ≈ 1
η = η ∙ η ∙ η/
η = 0,98 ÷ 0,99
η = 0,995
η/ = 0,8 8 ÷ 0,94
. .
η = η ∙ η ∙ η/
η = 0,39 ÷ 0,97
η = 0,99 ÷ 0,995
η/ = 0,8 8 ÷ 0,94
=(860 ∙ N)/ ( ∙ Q), Q = ∙ Q
= +
= [/]
= / N=[/ ]
η =860 / [( ∙ N) ∙ Q] = 860 / ( ∙ Q)
[(/ ) / / ∙ /] = [/ ]
= 860 / Q ∙ η
η = Q ∙ 106 / ∙ Q
Q = [/] ∙ 106 [/]
= [/]
Q = [/]
[/ ∙ /] = [/]
= / Q = [/]
η = 106 / [( / Q) ∙ Q] = 106 / ∙ Q
= 106 / Q ∙ η
= 860 / 7000 ∙ η = 0,123 / η
|
|
|
= 3600 / 29330 ∙ η = 0,123 / η
= [/ ]
= 106 / (Q ∙ η ) = 106 / 7000 ∙ η = 143 / η
143 = [/]
= 106 / (29330 ∙ η ) = 34,1 / η
= [/]
24.
().
.
70.
.
, , ( , , ). -, : , , .
( , ) , . , .
71.
. , , ; , , , . 330 ÷ 350 , 285 ÷ 290 . , , (), . , , .
, , ( ). , . , , , ( ). . , .
72.
(, ) , , . , , , , -.
, , -. , . . , . , . , , .
.
.
.
:
ηI = η ∙ η ∙ η
η , η , η .
η = 0,39÷ 0,42
η = 0,99 ÷ 0,995
η = 0,98
ηIII = η ∙ ηII ∙ η/ ∙ ηI ∙ η
ηIII = η ∙ ηIII ∙ η/ ∙ ηII ∙ η/ ∙ ηI ∙ η
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- . .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
|
|
|
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- () ;
- .
:
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- .
:
- 235;
- 239;
- 232.
:
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- ;
- ;
- ( ).
, .
.
.
, , . , UO2, U235 2-3%. . .
. , , , 4%.
. 160 .
25.
.
20-30% . , ≈ 1,5÷2. 10%. . -350, -600.
.
, , .
K∞ = n2 / n1
K - , n1 , n2 .
n2 / n1 = ν μ ∙ φ ∙ θ , :
ν . 2 3; ν : 235 2, 239 3.
μ 238 ( U238 ); . μ = 1,03.
φ , . 20-30% φ , , .. , . 10% , .
θ θ. n2 = ν μ ∙ φ ∙ θ ∙ n1.
n2 / n1= 1 - .
.
1 = K = K∞ ∙ α,
α , . α 0,97÷0,99
K . , , . , , (), . , . .
|
|
|
ρ = (K - 1) / K, ρ ≈ K 1.
. ∙ / , .
Τ = / = []
, , , , . = [ / ]. T . (20÷30) ∙ 103 ∙ / . B = 20000÷30000. 20 49 /. Τ = 2÷5 .
.
, , ( ).
73.
N ~ G ∙ ∙ (t2 t1) ∙ η
N ~ F/ ∙ k ∙ (t ts) ∙ η,
t = (t2 t1)/2, G , , t1 , t2 , η , F/ , k . 1 2 , 1 . k = [ / 2 ∙ ∙]. t , ts .
.
1). t, .. t .
74. ( ).
, .
2). .
Ps = const, ts = const
t , t1 t2 .
75. ( ).
.
3). , ( ), , , .
.
, , .
26.
().
76.
P = P0 + ρgh, P0 - , ρgh , g , g = 9,81 /2 [/3 ∙ /c2 ∙ ] = [/ 2] = []
h = z0 z
P = P0 + ρg (z0 z) = P0 + ρgz0 ρgz
P + ρgz = P0 + ρgz0
P0 / ρg + z0 = P / ρg + z = Hc = const
z = [], Hc = [/]
(P / ρg + z) .
P / ρg , z .
1. .
.
Q = v ∙ w = const
[3/c] = [/] ∙ [2]
Q , v , w .
77.
v1 ∙ w1 = v2 ∙ w2 -
v2 / v1 = w1 / w2 .
2. .
P / ρg + z + v2 / 2g = Hg = const
P / ρg + z
v2 / 2g
Hg
P / ρg ,
z1 + P1 / ρg + v 1 2 / 2g = z2 + P2 / ρg + v 2 2 / 2g + δH = const
δH , , 1 2 .
78.
. .
.
, .
.
|
|
|
δH = h1-2
h = ξ v2 / 2g
ξ .
Σh = h l + hμ
h l , hμ - .
, .
1). , .
Q = [3/c]
- . . (, , ..)
79.
2). , .
W = [3] = [3]
, , .
W = 
27.
.
w0
- , 3 3
wj j- , n .
, 3/.
, 
- j- , 31,54 ∙ 106 .
.
.
N = ρ ∙ g ∙ H ∙ Q
Q , H , .
[] = [/3 ∙ /2 ∙ ∙ 3/] = [/ 3 ∙ ∙ 3/] = [/ 3 ∙ 3/] = [/] = []
N = 9810 ∙ H ∙ Q (9810 /3)
N = 9,81 ∙ H ∙ Q (9810 /3)
N = 9, 81 ∙ H ∙ Q η
, :
= N ∙ t/3600 = [ ∙ ] = [] []
= (9,81 H ∙ Q ∙ η ∙ t) / 3600 = (9,81 ∙ w ∙ H ∙ η) / 3600 = (w ∙ H ∙ η) / 367
Q ∙ t = w
() (). 5-10 /; 5-10 /.
.
- .
. .
, . . , , , .
. Z Z =
() (), . ( ), . ( ), .
, , , . .
.
, . .
H1 = z1 + P1 / ρg + v 1 2 / 2g
2 = z2 + P2 / ρg + v 2 2 / 2g
H1 - 2 = = (z1 - z2) + (P1 / ρg - P2 / ρg) + (v 1 2 / 2g - v 2 2 / 2g),
[(z1 - z2) + (P1 / ρg - P2 / ρg)] , (v 1 2 / 2g - v 2 2 / 2g) . , (z1 - z2), ((P1 - P2) / ρg), (v 1 2 / 2g - v 2 2 / 2g).
, :
[(z1 - z2) + (P1 - P2) / ρg] > 0, , . , , .
, :
[(z1 - z2) + (P1 - P2) / ρg] = 0.
, .
28.
.
, , .
.
, -, , , -. . - . - . , -.
, . . 1000 , 15 , 15 .
25 , 80 80 . .
:
1) , ;
2) , , ;
3) , P / ρg , . . , , - , - , .
.
, , , , . , . , .
, , .
80.
.
. , , .
, . .
.
V = V V
.
. - , .. , .
.
81.
F .
82. .
.
W = W V W + W W
W , W , W , W , W (, ).
(W) , t , .
(W) t, .
V (∆V) t. + - , - - .
- (W) - (W).
.
, . , , , 1,5 3 70% . .
. . , , , , , . , . , . , ( ).
( ) .
β = V / W0
, , . , , . - , . . , , .
.
, , . 0,5 .
.
, , .
.
.
. , 2 20% .
.
. . . 50% .
.
, , .
.
, , , , . . .
.
.
.
. . , , . , . , .
.
, . . , , .
().
. . , .
.
:
- ;
- ;
- .
83.
, , .
, , ; , . , . . 50-60% , . .
100 750, 100 100 ( ), 750 .
84. . .
85. .
2 3
4 1
1 - 2 - 3 4 1
29.
.
η = [αT. ∙ ηoi ∙ η α / (η ∙ η)] / Q ∙ η ∙ η
Q , η .
86.
1.
0 1, 0,7.
σ = 0 ÷ 1, σ = 0 ÷ 0,7
, , .
2.
87.
88.
89.
, + = .
.
0,75 ÷ 0,85. , , 0,85 ÷ 0,9. η = 0,97 ÷ 0,98
().
(750 ) .
, .
90.
91.
. , , .
