.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


2




2) . .

 

25.
Pu ;

u .

Puδt = - (c1u δm - c2u δm)

Pu = - δm/ δt (c1u- c2u)

G= δm/ δt .

Pu = G (c1u- c2u)

Pu ( ), , .. , .

Pu = -Pu = G (c1u- c2u) = G (c1 ∙ cos α1 +c2 ∙ cos α2) [],

N , .

N= P ∙ U=G ∙ u (c1 ∙ cos α1 +c2 ∙ cos α2) = G/2 (c12 -c22 +w22 -w12) [H∙/c]

N= G/2000 (c12 -c22 +w22 -w12) []

η .

η =(h0 - hc - h - hc)/h0=1- hc/ h0 h/ h0 - h/ h0 = 1 ξc ξ - ξ

h0 ( ) .

26.

η = 1 ξc ξ - ξ

η u/c1

η = f (u/c1)

hc = h0(1- φ2)

ξc = 1- φ2

ξc = hc/ h0


 


10.

27.

ξc = hc/ h0=[ h0(1- φ2)]/ h0

u/ c 1= cos α1/2z, z .

z=1 , z>1 .

28.

ξ -.

ηoi

, , , -.

ηoi. . = η - ξ

ηoi. . = η ξ

ηoi. = 1- ξc ξ - ξ - ξ ξ

ηoi = [0,75;0,85]

ηoi 0,7, .

29.

.

:

N = G*Ha

[] = [/]*[/]

 

1 860

860Nc = D*

[/]*[] = [/]*[/]

 

= i0 ika

: ika

 

860N = D*(i0 ika)*ηoi

[/ ]*[] = [/]*[/]

: 0,96 ≤ η ≤ 0,98

0,98 ≤ η ≤ 0,99

0,96 ≤ η ≤ 0,97

 

,

ηoi = H/ = (i0 ik)/(i0 ika),


: 860N = D*(i0 ik)*η

[/ ]*[] = [/]*[/]

3600 N = D*(i0 ik)*η

[/]*[] = [/]*[/]

 

 

P0

i i0 t0

1

2 H

Ha

3

ik 4

ika

s

30.

 

≈ 34 /

.

1. , , ;

2. , ;

3. , ≈ 3-8%;

4. , ;

5.

.


11.

η 0i = η0i (1+ α)

 

α ; 0,03 0,08

α = Q/H

.

, , . .

 

, , , . .

 

ηt = La/Q = = (i0 ika)/(i0 ik)   Na
ηi = Li/Q = = (i0 ik)/(i0 ik) = = ηt0i   η0i = (i0 ik)/(i0 ika)     Ni = Na 0i
ηe = ηi = ηt0i = ηt0e η0e = η0i Ne = Ni
η= ηe= =ηt0i = ηt0 η0 = η0e = η0i N = N = = Na0i

 

η ,

η

 

( )


 

; .

=1 . is- , s . y , - . y = 1-, = 1-y

12-14%

31

32.

u , 1 . . . , 130 , . , .

33.


 

.

u/1 = cos α1/2

:

h = 12/2 = 12/2φ2 ∙ u2/u2 = u2/2φ2 ∙ 1/(u/c1)2

Σhc = H = Σ[u2/2φ2 ∙ 1/((u/c1)2)]

H = Σu2/[2φ2 ∙ (u/c1)2]

Σu2/ H = Y

 

12.

.

860 N = D ∙ H ∙η ∙ η

[/ ∙ ] [] = [/] ∙ [/]

3600 N = D ∙ H ∙η ∙ η

[/ ∙ ] [] = [/] ∙ [/]

,

34.

 

, 15 . .

:

d/l = υ >3,

d , l .

.

( ) .

 

35.

- .

.

:

N = f (1/n2) .

, . -300 . -500 , -800 .

.

, . , , :

1) - , ; .

2) , .

3) , .

, .

.

:

1. ();

2. ();

3. ().

, , . . , 100% . (), , , , . . .

36.

37.

p , oo .

ηoi = ηoi ∙ η,

ηoi , η . .

, , .

: .

38.
1 I , 2 II , 3 III . , 1 , . , , .


 

39.
, . , , , .

d = /N [/ ], N [], [/]

40.
, , , .

100% , .


 

.

41.

 

, , , , . . , . . .

860 N = D (i0 -ik) ∙ η η .

.

, .. , .

.

N = (0,8 ÷ 1,0) Na

42.
20%.

- D.

X = D /D, .

D = X∙ D, X . X = 5% , X = 8 ÷ 10% .

d = D/N, = d ∙ N, d = D/N,

d = [/ ∙ ] .

D = x ∙ d ∙ N,

N/N = β β. 0 ≤ β ≤ 1.

.

D = 860 / (i0 -ik) ∙ η η .

N = N

43.

y = ax + b

y = D

x = N

b = D

a = (D - D) / N

D = (D - D)/ N ∙ N + D = x ∙ d ∙ N + (1-x) d ∙ N = D

D - D = D - x ∙ d ∙ N = d ∙ N - x ∙ d ∙ N= (1-x) d ∙ N

D = x ∙ d ∙ N + (1-x) d ∙ N .

D = D / N = (x ∙ d ∙ N)/N +(1-x) d = x ∙ d ∙ 1/β + (1-x) d, N=N ð d = d .

N/N= β

d = x ∙ d ∙ 1/β + (1-x) d ( )

x = 0 ð β, d = const


 

c .

44.

45.

D = D1 + D2 + D

N = N1 + N2 + N

860 N1 = D1 (i0 i1) ∙ η η

860 N2 = D2 (i0 i2) ∙ η η

860 N = D (i0 -ik) ∙ η η

D = D - D1 D2

860 (N1 + N2 + N) = η η [D1 (i0 i1) + D2 (i0 i2) + D - D1 D2(i0 -ik)]

(860 N) / (η η) = D1 (i0 i1) + D2 (i0 i2) +D(i0 -ik) - D1 (i0 -ik) - D2(i0 -ik)

(860 N) / (η η) = D(i0 -ik) + D1 (i1 -ik) - D2(i2 -ik)

D1io - D1i1 - 1io - D1 ik = - D1 (i1 -ik)

( i0 -ik)

860 / (i0 -ik) η η = D - D1(i1 -ik)/ (i0 -ik) - D2(i2 -ik) / (i0 -ik),

y1= (i1 -ik)/ (i0 -ik), y2 = (i2 -ik) / (i0 -ik ) .

y = 1 ÷ 0

dN= D - y1 D1 - y2 D2

D = dN + y1 D1 + y2 d2 = dN + ,

n , n = 2

D = x ∙ d ∙ N + (1-x) d ∙ N + - .

N = N ð D = d ∙ N + ,

:

d = d + (Σ yj Dj) / N

D = dN

d = d + (Σαj yj Dj) / N

d = d + Σαj yj d

Dj = αj ∙ D

αj = Dj / D .

d = Σαj yj d = d

d = d / (1- Σ αj yj)

13.

.

ηt =(io i)/ io i)

, . , .

, . , .

- .

( 68%, 32%) 28-30 - , 1 . , - ( -70%, 30%). , . .

. . .


 

.

1)

46.

j = 1,9

. , .

D (i ik) = G ∙ ((t2 t1)

[/] ∙ [/] = [/] ∙ [/ ∙ .] ∙ [.]

D , , t1 , t2 .

: G = D (i ik)/ ∙ (t2 - t1),





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