OSI. , , , (), . , , , . .
1. : LocalTalk 230 /, ARCnet 2.5 /, Ethernet 10 / Token Ring 16 /. .
2. FDDI (100 /), (155 / ). Fast Ethernet (100 /) (Fiber-based).
Ethernet
Ethernet ( ), CSMA/CD, OSI. IEEE802.3. :
10Bas5 Thick () Ethernet;
10Base2 Thin () Ethernet;
10BaseT Twisted-pair Ethernet ;
10Broad36 75- ;
10BaseF ;
100BaseT 100 / Ethernet, 100BaseT4, 100BaseTX ( Fast Ethernet), 100BaseFX
Gigabit Ethernet
: , /. : Base () , Broad . : .
Ethernet
: ThickNet, Yellow ( ). Standard Ethernet, 10Base5. , 60- , RG-8 . 50 , . 500 , 50- , . 2.5 , . , - . 5 (2500 ), (Trunk segments), (Link segments) . 100 , .
MAU (Media Attachment Unit), 12 AUI (Attachment Unit Interface), . ( -), (). - 50 . , . 1 , 15- D- . .
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. . (Backbone).
Ethernet
: ThinNet, 10Base2, CheaperNet ( ). , RG-58, 50 , . 185 , 300 . 50- , . 50- . , . 5 (925 1500 ), (Trunk segments), (Link segments) . 30 , . -, 0.5 . - (10 ) , -, , .
: BNC-connector , BNC T-connector , BNC -connector .
.
, . ( ) MaxThinLen = (500-ThickLen)/3.28. 30 100.
Ethernet (Twisted-Pair Ethernet)
: 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, 100BaseT4. 10BaseT, 100BaseTX DTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) 3, 4 5; 100BaseT4 UTP 5 STP (Shielded Twisted Pair).
.8 10Base-T
: 100 . - . ( ), ( R ). (Rx+, Rx- + , -) , , , - . , . . . 8 . , , .
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( Hub concentrator). , , ( ). R- jam- -. 10Base-T 10 / ( ) 100 3. 100 10/ . 10Base- , . , .
CSMA/CD , 4. 4- 5-4-3, . 10Base- , .
, 10s- , . , 10Base- , . () .
10Base- 1024, . , 1024. . 4- - 3 .
500 ( ). , 4- , 10Base- 5x100 = 500 .
, 10Base-, Ethernet . , . - , , . Ethernet, , .
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10Base- , . , 16 J K . , o . J K , .
:
;
;
.
C , - () .
, , 10Base- . Ethernet .
Ethernet
, . , . , , . : , , , . . , , .
:
;
;
.
10 Ethernet , 500-800 1 . , .
Ethernet ; 10Base- , , . , R , Rx (. .8).
Ethernet 10BaseFL 10Base-FB. 10BaseFL 2000 2500 . - 4. 2500 , 4 , 5000 .
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10Base-FB . . 5 10Base-FB 2000 2740 .
10-, Ethernet . .
Ethernet, , .
Ethernet;, , ." Ethernet, .", . . , Ethernet .
.9 Ethernet
.9 . 4, 10Base- .
3 , , 4, , 4, , . , , . - , 4, , , . , , , 4, . , . , , , , .
, , , .
Token Ring
Token Ring ( ) , OS1. I 802.5, IBM .
, MAU (Multistation Access Unit) . , . , . Token Ring, (STP) (UTP) .
( UTP) 96 12 45 . , (patch cable), 45 120 .
( STP) 260 33 100 . , , 100 200 .
1 .
, 4 16 /. . , , , . , , . ( ), , .
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PC Ethernet. - , .
Token Ring ( Ethernet ), . Token Ring . , Token Ring (IBM Mainframe).
Token Ring (WAN).
5. Internet TCP/IP
Internet . Internet , , , , . (Internet Protocol Suite) TCP/IP ARPA-net, Internet. IP (Internet Protocol) () .
Internet 40 . ( SMTP), (FTP), (TelNet).
Internet:
Archie . Archie-. Arhie , () , . FTP.
Gopher () . , , , -. TelNet.
World Wide Web (WWW) , - ( ) Internet , . , Explorer NetScape.
Internet . :
;
, ;
,
, , -, , -, . ,
, , : . , , . , . , .
.10.
: . , , .
. , . , . , . , , 10, : Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring Frame Relay, .25, ISDN. , , , , .8. , . .
, , . .
(Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI .) -, (.25, , Frame Relay), . , , . , , , .
. , : () .
( I/S), , , . , . , I/S , , - . , /I. - .
, , . . , , , , . .
, , . , , . .
, (, , ), . - , , .
-. , . , , , .
, . , :
, - ;
, , , ;
-, - , , .
, .
Internet
:
1. IP (Internet Protocol) , ARP RARP.
2. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) IP- (MAC). _
3. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) ARP, IP-.
4. I (Internet Control Message Protocol) , -, , . . I TCP/IP. lP-.
:
1. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) . (Protocol Ports) 165535. 1255 (Well-known port assignments), . UDP- , ( ) . UDP- , ( ) IP- . UDP : () IP- . , 0.0.0.0 ( ).
2. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) , . , . , UDP-. ( ) , , . TCP , . , . , . , TCP, . , , .
:
1. TelNet ( ) UNIX-. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
2. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) .
3. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , .
4. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) .
5. DNS (Domain Name System) IP- .
5.3. TCP/IP
/I . 1996 I/S Novell, /I , 1998 . /I.
/I 4 (. 9). - , .
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II | () |
III | |
IV |
.9 TCP/IP