.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


American Express 06.01.2006 . 1




 

( ) US$/ 80

г :

- US$/ 100, - US$/ 50;

- US$/ 200, - US$/ 100;

- US$/ 100, - US$/ 70;

US$/ 400, : , , . US$200 ;

US$/1000, : , , , . US$500 [34].

 

i American Express , , , , i American Express - i i, .

 

2.2.3. ̳

MasterCard International

 

MasterCard, 40- ,

International, .

 

г Bank of America 糿 㳿 BankAmericard, 1966 ̳ ,


 

Interbank Cards Association (ICA), MasterCard International.

1966 - , . , Interbank Cards Association (ICA) (. 2.181). , ICA

. -. , . , , .

, . , 1968 ICA , Banco Nacional , Eurocard, .

1970- ICA 5000 , 36 . 1969 Master Charge (. 2.182), . Master Charge, . i .

, 1979 Master Charge MasterCard International, i (. 2.18 3, 2.20), [38].

1980 MasterCard, , 55 ., 1990 90 . . 1980

1991 MasterCard 10,4. 99 ..

1981 MasterCard , 1983


. 2.18. MasterCard


MasterCard - (. 2.19), [20].


 

MasterCard 糿 - 1980- . , 1987 MasterCard , (), 1988 MasterCard .

MasterCard

1989 , 1990 - , , ( 23 , sans-serif ()).

MasterCard Europay International 1991 Maestro - , 1992 Maestro coast-to-coast


- . Europay International. , EuroCard, Eurocheck MasterCard Int.


. 2.19.

Masterard 1990 - -


MasterCard International -㳿 1994 , 1996 EMV-, 1997 MasterCard .

MasterCard Int, -㳿 : , , , , .

MasterCard Global Service 1996 , 21 130 ( 196 46 ),


 

, MasterCard (. 2.185). MasterCard AT&T , .

1997 MasterCard , $50 MasterCard, , , 51% Mondex International.

1998 MasterCard/Cirrus ATM Network , MasterCard MYCAL Card

Company () MULTOS.

1999 Mondex e-cash MULTOS , - ITSEC (Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria ) -


(U.S. Treasury Bond) MasterCard [38].


. 2.20.


2000 MasterCard , .

2001 MasterCard mc2 Card , -, MasterCard, Maestro, Cirrus - MULTOS, JavaCard, .

MasterCard , .

 

:

MasterCard Electronic , MasterCard.


 

 

MasterCardStandart , , , MasterCard Global Service 30 .

MasterCardGold , .

MasterCardPlatinum Standard Gold, .

MasterCard World Signia , , . World MasterCard , . - .

䳿. -, , .

 

- . Cirrus Maestro .

37 MasterCard , , , , , , , , ϳ , 22 .

MasterCard 900 .

2005 8,22 . MasterCard, 430 . - MasterCard 7,79 . Maestro. 31 2004 . MasterCard 84% 70,86% . 31 2005 ., MasterCard ( Maestro) 150 ., 32,2% 2004 . 2005 . MasterCard 1 51 . , 19,1% 2004 . ʳ - MasterCard 70 ., 29,2% 2004 . Maestro 39,6 . .


 

2.2.4.

Visa International

 

 

Visa International , , ᒺ 21000 - . Visa , . . 1958 , BankAmericard.

50- (Bank of America, Chase Manhattan Marine Midland Trust) . Diners Club American Express. 볺 , . Bank of America Fresco, California, 1956 . . 2.21. Bank of America 1959 .

Bank of America, , . , , . 1966 Bank of America 糿 , .

, , , . , , . , 1970 Bank of America National Bank Americard, Inc. (NBI), . 1976 NBI VISA USA Inc.,

VISA International [40].

VISA , , - . ViSA , , 볺


 

. - - VISA International .

Visa , 볺,

. Visa :

Visa , , , . .

Visa ,


, , , , , . ,


. 2.21. Bank Americard' 1959


. , , , , 22 .

Visa . . , , , , .

VISA: VISA Electron, Visa Classic,VISA Gold, VISA Platinum, Visa Virtual [40].

VISA Electron 볺, . Visa Electron , , , 볺 ,


 

 


 

.


 

 

Visa Electron 9


, 760 000 Visa, . -, . , Visa Electron 볺

, 볺, .

Visa Classic , - , Visa, ,

, , . 볺, , , , .

VISA Gold

, .

Visa Gold Visa Classic . Visa Gold . Visa Gold -

Visa. 볺 . Visa Gold Visa (Visa Worlds Best Offers).

VISA Platinum , . , .

Visa. Visa Platinum

, . Visa Platinum


 

Visa Gold. - , - .

Visa Virtual VISA ( ), . VISA [40].

1999 .

Visa Virtual 䳿. 볺 , , Visa, , .

Visa , . Visa - , .

Visa Business Gold, Visa Business, Visa Business Electron, Visa Corporate Visa Purchasing. , . , .

, . , , .

Visa Business , 50 .

, , ,

, ,


 

. , , . , Visa Business, .

Visa Business Electron Visa, . , , ϳ . Visa Business Visa Electron.

, , , , , . Visa Business Electron - , , -, , 䳿 .

Visa Corporate , . , , , , .

Visa Corporate . Visa Corporate , , .

VISA Purchasing 1994 . , , , , . ,

. $5000.


 

. , , , .

Visa Purchasing - - - . . , Visa. VISA Purchasing , .

Visa Distribution , , . Visa Distribution , 䳿 , .

Visa Distribution , , , [40].

Visa Distribution , , : , , , , , .

Visa . Visa, ᒺ Europay MasterCard, EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) - . EMV , - , .

Visa . ³ (Open Platform).


 

, American Express, JCB MasterCard International, Visa ᒺ, (Global Platform). , - , , , , .

㳿 . . . - .  , - , , , , , ..

ᒺ , , ᒺ , , , . - , , . . ֳ - , .

, , , 䳿 , -.





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