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2
в Ҳ
2.1.
2.2.
2.2.1. Diners Club
2.2.2. American Express
2.2.3. Master Card
2.2.4. Visa International
2.1.
. , - .
, . , , , , .
, . , , , .
: , , , , . ֳ . ᒺ , , .
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2.2.
볿, , 1888 (J. Bellami. Looking backwards, 1888 .).
, , . ֳ 볺 . .
1891 American Express, , , , American Express. () American Express 1901- . 2.1 [20].
. 2.1. 1901
American Express
. , 1914 볺, , , General Petroleum Corporation California ( Mobil Oil) , . . , - 볺 .
1914 Western Union 볺 , . , 1919 Western Union Telegraph Company, (. 2.2), [20]. Payment not being required from the sender at the time of transmission (, ).
,
( , 볺, 䳿 ). , (), . , - . , , .
. 2.2.
1919 Western Union Telegraph Company
1928 , 볺. , 1928 Charga-Plates, .
. 2.3. Marshall Fields Credit Card 11/4x21/2 , 1950 . - Chicago Credit Plate Service, Inc,
- Edward A McClure,
6602 S Marquette Rd Chicago 37. .
2.4. (. 2.4) (. 2.4) Vintage Bullocks & Charga Plate Credit Cards, Sibleys in Rochester,
New York [20]. , ,
. 2.3. 1950
. ̳ ()
|
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, 䳿 .
. 3.4. Vintage Bullocks & Charga Plate Credit Cards
. 3.4. Vintage Bullocks
& Charga Plate Credit Cards
1936- , American Airlines, , Universal Air Travel Plan (UATP). 볺, , .
, , , .
, . , 1946 ,
Chargeit. , 볺 . ϳ , , , . , .
40- , Diners Club, - 1949 . 볺 , , Diners Club - . ﳿ Diners Club, 볺 . 볺 Diners Club, .
, 1949 Diners Club. 1949 ., . . (Alfred Bloomingdale, Frank McNamara Ralph Snyder) . , , . . Diners Club (Merchant) , . 75 , , . -, 7% , (% ).
볺 , . , . , Diners Club. , , . , 볺. , Diners Club . Diners Club T&E (Travel&Entertainment) , .
1951 - Franklin National Bank, . Bank America Fresco, California, 1956 .
1958 American Express, , Carte Blanche . Bank of America Chase Manhattan Bank . hase Manhattan 1962 , , . , , . 1966 Bank of America 㳿 BankAmericard. г - Bank of America (14 - ), 1967 ̳ , Interbank Cards Association, 1969 Master Charge (. 2.5), (4 ). 1970 Master Charge
5000 , 36 . , 1979 MasterCard. 1980 MasterCard,
, 55 ., 1990 90 . .
. 2.5. ̳ ''Master charge''
60- XX . , . , . , , - . , , 볺, . 60- XX . Bank of America Interbank
. 1960 1965 .
. , . , , . 1978 11 . г 44 . , 52 . .
60- . Diners Club International. Diners Club . 1974 Visa International, 1975 Evrocard, Master Card. .
1996 Visa International Service Association ( , , , , ), Europay International , , , , , , () .
, , Bank of America (Visa International), Master Card, American Express Diners Club.
2.2.1. ̳
Diners Club
1950 . Diners Club.
,
, . , , , .
, , , . , 1949 - , , - , Hamilton Credit Corporation.
Co , Diners Club, . 볺 . , Diners Club 볺 . , , , .
. , , Diners Club. , Diners Club , . - . 14 .
Diners Club, , 볺. , Diners Club , 7 % , . , $3 .
, 7 % . 볺 Diners Club , . , 1950 20 - Diners Club.
- , Dine & Sign ( ). 25 , $150000. , . 1951
ᒺ, , -, - . ᒺ Diners Club.
1951 $325000 , 42000 볺, $3 . 330 -, -, , -, . Diners Club 60000 .
, . 1952 $5. 400 , 30 , 200 5 . Diners Club 1953 , , , . ³ Diners Club , , 볿 볿. Diners Club International.
1955 Diners Club . Hertz Diners Club , 1956 Diners Club , - , . Trip-Charge, Inc. ( ) Diners Club 22 000 .
1958 IRS (Internal Revenue Service , ) , Diners Club. -, ׳, , , - Diners Club , . Diners Club .
1961 Diners Club $8, () , , Dashew Business Machines , . 1963 $10.
1965 Diners Club , ,
. , .
1967 Diners Club , ($60 ) Fugazy Travel. Diners Club 130 .
1969 Diners Club . . , , . 1972 Diners Club : , , , , , . 1973 21 .
1975 Diners Club, , 볺 , 1976 볺 $15000, , Diners Club.
. 2.6. DINERS CLUB, 1974 , . 2.7. 1976 . , 1976 , DINERS CLUB. 1980 (. 2.8) [20].
(General Services Administration) 1983 Diners Club , 1987 Diners Club .
1991 British Airways Scandinavian Airline Systems. (World Bank) Diners Club 1994 .
1995 , 1996 Diners Club International .
1998 Diners Club . , 1998 ̳ , , Diners Club 75
. , (1998 1999 .) Diners Club Freddie Award / .
Diners Club , , Diners
Club. ( ) 200
, .
Diners Club International , 85 .
Diners Club International , . (. 2.9) , ( ) . , 볺. Diners Club .
. 2. 6. DINERS CLUB
1974 ( , , ( ZD), )
. 2. 7. DINERS CLUB 1976 ( , , '''' DINERS CLUB)
. 2.8. 1980
( ) (
). 볺. (, , , . .).
Diners Club , .
2.2.2. ̳
American Express
. 2.9. Diners Club
American Express
, , . , .
American Express (AmEx) 1850 ( ) , . ( , ), , .
1891 American Express. . , . , . , . . American Express .
( 볺, , , ) . (Diners Club), 1958 American Express . 볺 purple (, . 2.10) GOLD (), EXECUTIVE CREDIT ( ). $15 ( ). . EXECUTIVE CREDIT 1968 . 2.11., [20].
, 1969
. 2.10. American Express 1964
American Express ,
purple American Express.
볺 American Express (. 2.12), Why were changing your card from purple to green. Money green ( American Express . .).
1957 American Express .
, 볺 1964 1 American Express.
,
. 2.11.
EXECUTIVE CREDIT
1968
AmEx Centurion.
American Express , , 볺 American Express
American Express , , , , , .
American Express :
(Personal Card, . 2.13.);
(Corporate Card, . 2.14.);
(Gold Card, . 2.15.);
(Platinum Card, .2.16);
(Centurion Card, .2.17), [34].
. 2.12.
AmEx
American Express . Large Corporate ( - , American Express ) ( , American Express , ).
, .
American Express , , Ⳕ . . ( ,
..), , Global Assist
. 2.13.
. 2.14.
볺 ( ), Membership Rewards (1$/Euro=1 ), ..
MEMBERSHIP REWARDS
, /, American Express, . , / , i i i i (, 2500 , 50% i i-i American Express, 7500 , 20000 ii). , , . , .
. 2.15.
. 2. 16.
. 2.17.
- , American Express . , , , . , i , i, ( i ii , 49 i), i . AmEx ii i i i .
American Express , . . . ( ),
, : 볻, , ..
, American Express, , - .
American Express , 6 . 200 , 3700 , 500 . , , American Express . . - i i American Express
$100000, $200000, $400000, $500000. - i i , i , i i i i, i American Express.
AmEx Gold Card:*