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, , ,

(12.1)

, , .

:

= f1(x, , z); = f2(, , z); Ez = f3(x, , z), (12.2)

, Ez , . , .

, , , , .

, q 1--2 (. 12.1). , [. (12.1)]:

(12.3)

dl ; El . , ( ) , . , , .

q 1--2--1 (. 12.1). , , , , , , . :

(12.4)

 

, q, , :

( ) ( )

 

(12.4)

(12.5)

 

(12.5) , , , .

Dj, U.

, , :

(12.6)

j1 j2 1 2 , U12 . , (12.6).

. , - . , , , , ( ), . .

, e (. 12.2). 1 2 r1 r2 Q. (12.6) 1 2, , ( ) l = E = Q/(4pe e0r2) dr = dl:

(12.7)

e0 8,85 10 12 / 1.

(1 e0 , ).

, : j2 0 r2 ¥. (12.7)

 

 

(12.8)

 

 

, (12.8), .

( ). , . . 12.3 ( ) () .

j = f(x, , ), (12.9)

, , (12.8). , , . (12.6)

(12.10)

- : j2, j1.

j. , 2 1 , (12.10)

(12.11)

dj/d l dj d l l; l .

(12.11) . 12.4. 0 , l1, l 2 l 3. : çdj/d l1 ç, çdj/d l2 ç, çdj/d l3 ç. , , , ; (12.11) , - . , :

 

(12.12)

, ,

(12.13)

, . , , (12.6) , l,

(12.14)

(12.11) (12.9), :

(12.15)

(12.16)

N , , ( ):

(12.17)

, , :

(12.18)

, . , j.

 

() , , , ( ).

(. 12.5) ( ) , l, :

(12.19)


-. (. 12.6).

, , . ,

= qElsin a = pEsin a, (12.20)

. (12.21)

 

, , , .

. , (. 12.7).

+ _ ( . 12.7 - > +).

F = F_ - F+ = qE_ - qE+ = q(E_ - +). (12.22)

(_ - +)/l, , . ,

(_ - E+)/l = dE/dx, (12.23)

dE/dx , . (12.23),

(12.22)

(12.24)

, , dE/dx. , . , .

, , . (12.18) , , , , (. 12.8):

(12.25)

 

, l << r, l << r1, r r1,

 

(12.26)

a (. 12.8). (12.26), (12.25)

(12.27)

 

(12.27).

 

, , (. 12.9), . (12.27), , ( a a . 12.9):

(12.28)

a, Ð AOB = b, a = a + b/2 + +p/2, a = a - b/2 + p/2.

, :

(12.29)

 

(12.29) (12.28),

(12.30)

(12.30), , ( e r), , (. 12.10), cos a , (. 12.11). , (12.27).

 

, , ABC (. 12.12). (12.30) , :

UAB: UBC: UCA = pAB: pBC: pCA (12.31)





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