IV. .
1.Of the professor, his ability, the attention, attracted. 2. Was made a professor, on his return, to Russia, in 1745, he. 3. Not far from Archangelsk, was born, Lomonosov, in 1711, in a northern village.
V. .
1. He was born... 1711... the village... Denisovka not far... Archangelsk. 2. He was ten years... age... the time. 3. He walked... Moscow and... concealing his peasant origin he gained admission... the Academy. 4.... his return... Russia he was made a professor. 5. He had a thirst... knowledge.
VI. .
1. He was refused... to the town school. 2. His ability and diligence attracted the... of the professors. 3. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won... in the nineteenth century. 4. He was the first to... the vegetable origin of coal.
VII. .
1. . 2. . 3. , . 4. , . . . 5. , . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. .
VIII. .
To be... years of age, to make progress, to attract attention, to win recognition, to play a (great) role, to observe, diligence, admission, ability, to appreciate.
Grammar Exercises
I. .
1. You live in a big house. 2. He reads much. 3. He worked much yesterday. 4.She will take this book from the library tomorrow.
II. who what.
1.... says that? 2.... do you say? 3.... do you study? 4.... studies well? 5.... do you like? 6.... wants to take this pen? 7.... opens the window?
III. .
1. The boy studies well. 2. My brother travelled by bus last summer. 3. We like our dinner. 4. I shall listen to the radio. 5. Ann reads a book in the library. 6. We go to the Institute every day. 7. They will see this film next week.
IV. .
1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train? 2. Did you have breakfast at home or at canteen? 3. Does your friend know English or French? 4. Will you play tennis or volleyball? 5. Do you get up early or late? 6. Shall I speak to your father or to you mother?
V. .
1. ? 2. ? 3. -? 4. ? 5. . 6. , .
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VI. .
1. -, ? 2. , ? 3. ? 4. , ? 5. , ?
VII. , , , .
1. Boris came from Kiev. 2. The weather was nice that day. 3. They go to work early in the morning. 4. He will come home late.
. . 10 .
Here is your money
It is two oclock at night. A young American doctor is fast asleep. Suddenly he hears the door-bell ring. ( , .) What can a doctor do? It's his duty to help his patients even at night. When he opens the door, he sees a gentlman.
"How do you do, Doctor?" says the gentleman. "Can you go now to a place out of town? It's not near? I know you have a car. I can show you the way, "Certainly," says the doctor. ''1 am quite ready. I can go with you now."
He goes to the garage and takes his car. In a few minutes the car is standing in front of the house and they start off.
They drive (= go) for some time. They must be about 10 or 15 kilometers from the town when the gentleman says: "Here we are. This is my home. Thank you very much. Now I want to pay you and you can go back home."
"How can I go back?" says the doctor. "I must see the patient. Where is he?"
"There is no patient" says the gentleman. "Nobody is ill. I live here, as you see and one must get home somehow. There are no taxis at this time of the night but it's a duty of a doctor to help his patients even at night. So, excuse me. Here is your money. Thank you. Good night."
Lesson 4
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Tsiolkovsky Founder of Astronautics
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September, 5, 1857. in the village of Izhevsk, in Ryazansky province. When he was ten he contracted scarlet fever; although he recovered he was left permanently deaf. This was to have a great influence on the subsequent course of his life. He educated himself; he read; he wrote verses; he constructed models-balloons, a winged flying machine, a carriage driven by a steam turbine, etc... It was not until he reached the age of fifteen that he became acquainted with even elementary mathematics. At about this time he first conceived the idea of constructing a large balloon or dirigible with a metallic envelope. This idea was one to which he was to return again and again throughout his life. When he was sixteen he began to think of applying centrifugal force to the ascent into space, but soon he realized his mistake. This experience made him realize the gaps in his knowledge and he began to study higher mathematics. He actually became a mathematics and physics teacher. And remained so for nearly forty years.
Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engines for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887, his first published communication on the dirigible appeared. Mendeleev was interested in this work and helped Tsiolkovsky. Thus, through his agency, Tsiolkovsky was able to present a paper on his aeronautical work to the Imperial Russian Technical Society in 1890; he also submitted a model of dirigible. The account of this work was eventually submitted to the Imperial Academy of Sciences, who regarded it favourably and made him a grant of 470 rubles.
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Meanwhile he had not given up his ideas about space travel. A popular account of his views on this subject was first published in 1895, and a more detailed survey of a liquid-fuelled spaceship1 was prepared in 1898 and eventually published in 1903. This first design was a streamline shape2 divided up into a long conical combustion chamber3 propellant tanks4, and a living compartment5. It embodies one of Tsiolkovsky's great contributions to aeronautics the use of liquid fuels.
During the next quarter of a century, Tsiolkovsky brought out various other designs for rocket propelled spaceships6. They were not intended as working drawings for the construction of these vessels, but rather as a rough guide to the equipment and facilities that would be needed. Some of them are grotesque, but others are now standard practice in the guided missile7 field. However, Tsiolkovsky's fame does not rest solely on these proposals. During the period 1903 1926 he published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights and space travel. He obtained equations enabling us to work out the velocities and expenditure of energy needed for flight along different types of path, the effect of a resistance, the times of fight, etc. His calculations showed that it would be perfectly possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth.
Notes
| 1 a liquid-fuelled spaceship | |
| 2 a streamline shape | |
| 3 a combustion chamber | |
| 4 a propellant tank | |
| 5 a living compartment | |
| 6 a rocket propelled spaceship | , |
| 7 a guided missile |
Vocabulary Exercises
I. .
1. When and where was Tsiolkovsky born? 2. What happened to Tsiolkovsky when he was ten? 3. How old was Tsiolkovsky when he first conceived the idea of constructing a large balloon or dirigible with a metallic envelope? 4. What was Tsiolkovsky's idea of the ascent into space when he was sixteen? 5. What great Russian scientist was interested in his work and helped Tsiolkovsky? 6. What was Tsiolkovsky able to do through Mendeleev's agency? 7. What are Tsiolkovsky's great contributions to aeronautics? 8. What did his calculations show? 10. When did Tsiolkovsky die?
II. .
1. Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857 in the village of Izhevsk. 2. A popular account of his views on space travel was first published in 1895. 3. His calculations showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets.
