(. Windows 98/2000 Linux) . Linux -, Windows 98 2000 Professional ICS (Internet Connection Sharing). ICS ' (Virtual Private Network VPN). B Windows 2000 Server NAT. , NAT , :
- Sygate Sybergen Software (www.sygate.com);
- NAT32 A.C.T.Soflware (www.nat32.com).
, ( ) , 璺 -.
-.
- , . Web-, .
- , , ' RFC 1631, NAT.
䳿 -
, - Internet -볺. , - , . , , . , - 볺. . , - , 볺.
NAT, 볺, Internet -, Internet. -.
-.
, NAT. . , 볺 ' Internet (, Web-) -. 볺 DHCP.
B -; :
- Rideway DGL (dgl.com/rideway).
- Winproxy Ositis (www.winproxy.com/toc).
- Microsoft Proxy Server Microsoft (www. microsoft.com).
- Squid UNIX SCO (www. aco.com).
, Microsoft Proxy Server Windows NT Windows 2000 Server. Rideway Windows 95/98, Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Professional.
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, ᒺ NAT , .
璺.
' '. ' NAT , -, 璺 ' Internet .
璺 TCP/IP. . , ' , 璺 , IP-.
'.
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, , IP-, NAT . , NAT, IP. (, IP Security) .
'.
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- IP- ' , ;
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, - ( www.tacteam.net), DNS.
' Internet / : IP-, DNS, . , Internet.
' , Internet, IP-, DNS. IP- , .
, .
1. ?
2. CSU/DSU PAD?
3. ?
4. Frame Relay .25?
5. ?
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6. 2,488 /?
7. NAT?
8. ?
9. PS/2, , ID. IRQ . IRQ 10. IRQ ?
10. 璺 , ?
11. - :
- ?
- , ?
- , ?
- , ?
Internet
3.1 Internet
, , , . , . , ᒺ , , , , . TCP/IP, , , . , . ᒺ , TCP/IP , - - "" - ( IP ).
³ , 100 ᒺ 16 . , 1,7 . 25 . .
3.2 Internet
I ̳ . ', . , , I . I 2 1969 . (ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency), ̳ , ' ' . ARPANET, , I.
I (NFS). , NFSNET, ' . 5 ', ' '. ' , '.
NFSNET ARPANET, 1990 . , 1987 NFSNET Backbon - , . 13 , ' '. . ' I .
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. ' ', ' ' I i . I ' , . . г I , .
Internet
I, .
, , , , . : ' . ', ' , , ' '. , ' ' , (, ' ' I). : , "" ( 28.8 , 33.6 ) .
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, I - ' , ' , . -, ' , -, - . , .
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3.4 /
璺 . , . , , . , .
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). IP , TCP .
ֳ 1974 . (Robert Kahn), ARPANET, ³ (Vinton C. Cerf). IP , , . , . , ( , ) , , , . , , IP , , , . TCP , , .
, ', ' I, . TCP , . , , . I , . ϳ . , , I. . , . . "" . , , , , .
IP, TCP , ᒺ , . , , . TCP/IP . , , -: , , . TCP/IP , , , , .
, 䳿.
.
Internet /. / ( 3.1).
Telnet | FTP |
| SMTP | DNS | |||||
³ | |||||||||
UDP | |||||||||
ICMP | IGMP | ||||||||
IP | ARP | RARP | |||||||
Ethernet | Token Ring | FDDI | AT | PPP | SLIP | ||||
Գ | |||||||||
3.1
SLIP (Serial Line IP) PPP (Point To Point Protocol). , .
(Internet Control Message Protocol) , . , .
|
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ARP (Adress Resolution Protocol) - , RARP (Reverse Adress Resolution Protocol) -.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) , , . , .
Telnet , FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) , DNS Domain Name Service) .
3.5 Internet
', ' I, '. - ', ' I, . I ' . , IP(Internet Protocol)-. I - , [0;255], , : 198.13.4.29. I, ' ', - ' . ֳ . 8 , . w.x.y.z. Z-, y- ..
( 3.1).
3.1 -
- | ʳ ' | IP- | ||||
1-126 | w | x.y.z | 16 777 214 | 255.0.0.0 | ||
128-191 | w.x | y.z | 16 384 | 65 534 | 255.255.0.0 | |
192-233 | w.x.z | z | 2 097 151 | 255.255.255.0 | ||
D |
- . , -. , , 1 , 0. , 192.168.45.1 255.255.255.0. 127 . 224 , .
(IBM, Xerox). Microsoft . Internet. D , .
, , I '. ' , - DNS(Domain Name System). DNS-, ' , , . , www.if.ua. -, ' , -, , DNS- . , ' , I . , . . .
I , , . , , . ³ : , ', , , ' . , :
com - , , ' ;
org - - ;
edu - - ;
mil - ' ;
gov - - ;
int - - ;
net - , , ' .
, , , , , : ua-, ru-, us-, uk-, fr-.
- , '. , , , . , firm.ua , - ' ; ' , , store. I store.firm.ua.
, . , www.toyota.com World Wide Web, ftp.toyota.com ftp-, . ', .
I , , URL(Universal Resource Locator). URL - - I , . URL : < >://< >/< >/< >/< >. ( 3.2).
3.2
http | WWW- | news | Usenet- |
ftp | FTP- | ||
gopher | Gpher- | file |
H, http://www.toyota.com, ftp://www.toyota.com , www.toyota.com http i ftp .
DNS - . DNS , .
3.6 Internet
Internet 볺-.
, Internet , 볺. - . , - , , , , -볺 , .
г . Internet, 볺 , . 볺 Windows 98, NT, -, , Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Communicator.
, -볺 , - , . Internet , . Internet () , , - . , - . -볺 .
, Internet.
(E-mail). , , Internet. - Internet. , . . :
- ;
- ;
- () ﳿ ;
- , ;
- ;
- -, , ;
- (, , , , ).
:
- ;
- ;
- ( ).
Internet :
_@_,
.
,
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol).
볺 , . , , . 볺 The Bat, Microsoft Outlook, Eudora Pro, Web-.
Mail List ( ). . ϳ () , (- , ..).
, , -볺, . , (,
[email protected] , UNIX) , . 볺, , , ..
Usenet ( ). Usenet , (newsgroups), , . . ³ (, ) , . , - , . , . , . , , , . . ϳ . . , .
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) .
볺 ( ), , Microsoft Internet News, Internet Explorer; Netscape News, Netscape Navigator.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol). , , , "". , FTP , . , FTP , TCP, . , TCP/IP: -, -볺, FTP . , 璺 . FTP, , . , FTP . , FTP , 璺 , anonymous . , , anonymous FTP . , , , , , anonymous FTP. , -볺 FTP - anonymous FTP. . , , anonymous FTP. , , , , , , . , , , - anonymous FTP . , , , , , , FTP. , FTP . -볺 FTP . , , , . anonymous FTP Archie, , . FTP , , , , , , , . , UNIX DOS. , , . FTP , . , anonymous FTP . , 볺. FTP , , , - anonymous FTP. , , , . , , , 99 .
Telnet ( ). () , - Internet, , . Telnet , . . TCP- UDP .
. . , Telnet Internet . Telnet ᒺ, , , , . , Telnet-, Net Term; Telnet Windows TCP/IP.
WWW (World Wide Web ) , . www, WWW. ʳ WWW , 30 . WWW , . WWW , 㳺 , , , , , , WWW. WWW , , WWW, . WWW , . , : , , , , . , 쳺 WWW. WWW 볺-, , 볺-: , 볺 , (, , , ᒺ ), . ó , . WWW , , , , , ( ) . , . WWW , WWW, . , -볺 WWW (browsers, ) , -볺 : FTP, Gopher, Usenet, . , WWW , WWW . , WWW , . html (hypertext markup language, ). , WWW . , , . , -, , html. html html ( htm , MS-DOS Windows). URL (uniform resource locator, ). . 3.3.
3.3 URL www
URL | |
www | http://internet_/__ html |
ftp | file:// internet_/__ |
telnet | telnet:// internet_: |
News://_ |
http (hypertext transfer protocol, ). , 볺 WWW. WWW , , , , , , , , , . , WWW, . , , WWW, , , WWW . , , , . , , WWW. , html . , . , , . , CNN , SunWorld OnLine : , . - , , WWW. WWW, WWW. : WWW, . .
IRC (Internet Relay Chat ()). ³ . : . , , IRC , , . IRC -, . 볺 , IRC, , mirC Mirc32 Windows. ֳ, , , .
Internet :
Archie Internet . , WWW .
. Internet , . , (, , , ..), . :
www.altavista.digital.com
www.uahoo.gu.net
www.aport.ru
www.list.ru
www.rambler.ru
www.yahoo.com
www.gg.ru
www.el.visti.net
www.meta.khariv.net, www.internetri.net, www.google.com.ua.
3.7 Internet /
' TCP/IP. TCP/IP ' Internet . ( ) . , IP . . IP?
, ' , IP.
IP , , , . , ' . , '. IP .
IP- , ' , , . . , ', . , IP-, ', .
. 198.1.1.0. 203.13.4.0. . ' ' , Windows NT. TCP/IP ' IP, ' ( 3.2).
( ', ) , , . , IP- . 198.1.1.1, 203.13.4.1.
, . ', .
' IP- 198.1.1.15 203.13.4.41, IP- . 255.255.255.0, .
:
198.1.1.15 = 11000110 00000001 00000001 00001111
255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
= 11000110 00000001 00000001 00000000
203.13.4.41 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001
, . , . , 198.1.1.1 .
. ϳ IP- 203.13.4.1.
:
203.13.4.1 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000
203.13.4.1 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000
. , ' , '. 3.7.1.
. . , , ISDN - .
, Internet ', , ( ', ) , , , . IP-.
, , .
? , . .
IP-, . route, TCP/IP. route .
. . .
- .
- ( , ).
- .
- , .
: - . - .
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, . , , . , , , .
- :
- ;
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, . , -, . , . ᒺ .
IP - RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 1 2 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) .
, .
1. URL, , Web-:
html:\www.acme\.
2. Web-, , Internet, ?
3. Internet , , ?
4. NNTP?
5. , ?
6. RIP?
7. -?
8. ?
9. ?
10. - 190.23.201.6?
1. . . : , 1999 468 .
2. , , . .: . . .: , 2002. 656 .: ....
3. . /. .: , 2000.
4. . .. , ... : , 2001.
5. ./ .... .: , 1998. 448.
6. . , , ./ . .. . .:. ., 1994. 400.
7. . INTERNET. .;.; .: ; ,1998.400.
8. . INTERNET..:BHV, 1995. 320c.
9. . INTERNET . .: BHV, 1996. 640c.
10. . : , , . .: . ., 1996. 524 .
11. . , . .: ., 1995. 354 .
12. . . .: V, 1996. 314 .
13. . Windows 98. .: , 1998. 624 .
14. . Windows NT. .: BNV, 1998. 414 .
1. .., .. .: , 1998. 336 ., .
2. .., .. .: , 1998. 384 ., .
3. . UNIX: : . . .: BHV, 1996 832 .
4. . . Windows NT: . . .: BHV, 1998 800 c.
5. +, 1998-2002..
6. Microsoft Internet : www.microsoft.net/net.
7. Internet : www.isoc.org/HMP/PAPER/173/html/paper.html.
8. Microsoft Windows NT Windows 2000 Server : www.microsoft.com.
9. WWW Web www.w3.org.
10. Internet: www.imc.org.
11. ó : http://netconference.about.com/internet/netconference/msubl.html.
12. Internet v6 : www.playgraund.sun.com/pub/ipng/html.ipng-main.html.
13. 3Com -, , : www.3com.com/nsc/501302.html.
14. Web- : www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/nodel.html.
15. : www.wssn.net/WSSN.
16. OSI : www.lex-con.com/osimodel.html.