.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


NAT




(. Windows 98/2000 Linux) . Linux -, Windows 98 2000 Professional ICS (Internet Connection Sharing). ICS ' (Virtual Private Network VPN). B Windows 2000 Server NAT. , NAT , :

- Sygate Sybergen Software (www.sygate.com);

- NAT32 A.C.T.Soflware (www.nat32.com).

, ( ) , 璺 -.

 

-.

- , . Web-, .

- , , ' RFC 1631, NAT.

 

䳿 -

, - Internet -볺. , - , . , , . , - 볺. . , - , 볺.

NAT, 볺, Internet -, Internet. -.

 

-.

, NAT. . , 볺 ' Internet (, Web-) -. 볺 DHCP.

B -; :

- Rideway DGL (dgl.com/rideway).

- Winproxy Ositis (www.winproxy.com/toc).

- Microsoft Proxy Server Microsoft (www. microsoft.com).

- Squid UNIX SCO (www. aco.com).

, Microsoft Proxy Server Windows NT Windows 2000 Server. Rideway Windows 95/98, Windows NT Workstation Windows 2000 Professional.

, ᒺ NAT , .

 

璺.

' '. ' NAT , -, 璺 ' Internet .

璺 TCP/IP. . , ' , 璺 , IP-.

 

'.

NAT IP-. .

, , IP-, NAT . , NAT, IP. (, IP Security) .

 

'.

' , IP- ( ).

', TCP/IP, :

- IP- ' , ;

- , IP- , .

', , . , 璺: , .

, - ( www.tacteam.net), DNS.

' Internet / : IP-, DNS, . , Internet.

' , Internet, IP-, DNS. IP- , .

 

, .

1. ?

2. CSU/DSU PAD?

3. ?

4. Frame Relay .25?

5. ?

6. 2,488 /?

7. NAT?

8. ?

9. PS/2, , ID. IRQ . IRQ 10. IRQ ?

10. 璺 , ?

11. - :

- ?

- , ?

- , ?

- , ?

 


Internet

 

3.1 Internet

, , , . , . , ᒺ , , , , . TCP/IP, , , . , . ᒺ , TCP/IP , - - "" - ( IP ).

³ , 100 ᒺ 16 . , 1,7 . 25 . .

 

3.2 Internet

I ̳ . ', . , , I . I 2 1969 . (ARPA - Advanced Research Projects Agency), ̳ , ' ' . ARPANET, , I.

I (NFS). , NFSNET, ' . 5 ', ' '. ' , '.

NFSNET ARPANET, 1990 . , 1987 NFSNET Backbon - , . 13 , ' '. . ' I .

. ' ', ' ' I i . I ' , . . г I , .

 

Internet

I, .

, , , , . : ' . ', ' , , ' '. , ' ' 򳺿 , (, ' ' I). : , "" ( 28.8 , 33.6 ) .

( , ) , ' ', . , , . - . (Ethernet), . . ( 1.6 ).

" " , .

, I ' ' , (provider - ) I. ' ', . , I ' ' , ' I ' '. ' . , ' ', , I.

. , ' ' I , ' , .

I . ' ' . , I . ' ', ', .

, I - ' , ' , . -, ' , -, - . , .

 

3.4 /

璺 . , . , , . , .

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). IP , TCP .

ֳ 1974 . (Robert Kahn), ARPANET, ³ (Vinton C. Cerf). IP , , . , . , ( , ) , , , . , , IP , , , . TCP , , .

, ', ' I, . TCP , . , , . I , . ϳ . , , I. . , . . "" . , , , , .

IP, TCP , ᒺ , . , , . TCP/IP . , , -: , , . TCP/IP , , , , .

, 䳿.

.

Internet /. / ( 3.1).

Telnet   FTP
ASN.1
SNMP

SMTP DNS
³
    UDP
    ICMP IGMP      
IP ARP RARP  
  Ethernet   Token Ring FDDI AT PPP SLIP
Գ
                   

3.1

 

SLIP (Serial Line IP) PPP (Point To Point Protocol). , .

(Internet Control Message Protocol) , . , .

ARP (Adress Resolution Protocol) - , RARP (Reverse Adress Resolution Protocol) -.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) , , . , .

Telnet , FTP (File Transfer Protocol) , SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) , DNS Domain Name Service) .

 

3.5 Internet

', ' I, '. - ', ' I, . I ' . , IP(Internet Protocol)-. I - , [0;255], , : 198.13.4.29. I, ' ', - ' . ֳ . 8 , . w.x.y.z. Z-, y- ..

( 3.1).

 

3.1 -

- ʳ ' IP-
1-126 w x.y.z   16 777 214 255.0.0.0
128-191 w.x y.z 16 384 65 534 255.255.0.0
192-233 w.x.z z 2 097 151   255.255.255.0
D            

 

- . , -. , , 1 , 0. , 192.168.45.1 255.255.255.0. 127 . 224 , .

(IBM, Xerox). Microsoft . Internet. D , .

, , I '. ' , - DNS(Domain Name System). DNS-, ' , , . , www.if.ua. -, ' , -, , DNS- . , ' , I . , . . .

I , , . , , . ³ : , ', , , ' . , :

com - , , ' ;

org - - ;

edu - - ;

mil - ' ;

gov - - ;

int - - ;

net - , , ' .

, , , , , : ua-, ru-, us-, uk-, fr-.

- , '. , , , . , firm.ua , - ' ; ' , , store. I store.firm.ua.

, . , www.toyota.com World Wide Web, ftp.toyota.com ftp-, . ', .

I , , URL(Universal Resource Locator). URL - - I , . URL : < >://< >/< >/< >/< >. ( 3.2).

 

3.2

http WWW- news Usenet-
ftp FTP- mail e-mail
gopher Gpher- file

 

H, http://www.toyota.com, ftp://www.toyota.com , www.toyota.com http i ftp .

DNS - . DNS , .

 

3.6 Internet

Internet 볺-.

, Internet , 볺. - . , - , , , , -볺 , .

г . Internet, 볺 , . 볺 Windows 98, NT, -, , Microsoft Internet Explorer Netscape Communicator.

, -볺 , - , . Internet , . Internet () , , - . , - . -볺 .

 

, Internet.

(E-mail). , , Internet. - Internet. , . . :

- ;

- ;

- () ﳿ ;

- , ;

- ;

- -, , ;

- (, , , , ).

 

:

- ;

- ;

- ( ).

Internet :

_@_,

.

,

[email protected].

 

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), POP3 (Post Office Protocol).

볺 , . , , . 볺 The Bat, Microsoft Outlook, Eudora Pro, Web-.

 

Mail List ( ). . ϳ () , (- , ..).

, , -볺, . , (,
[email protected] , UNIX) , . 볺, , , ..

 

Usenet ( ). Usenet , (newsgroups), , . . ³ (, ) , . , - , . , . , . , , , . . ϳ . . , .

NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol) .

볺 ( ), , Microsoft Internet News, Internet Explorer; Netscape News, Netscape Navigator.

 

FTP (File Transfer Protocol). , , , "". , FTP , . , FTP , TCP, . , TCP/IP: -, -볺, FTP . , 璺 . FTP, , . , FTP . , FTP , 璺 , anonymous . , , anonymous FTP . , , , , , anonymous FTP. , -볺 FTP - anonymous FTP. . , , anonymous FTP. , , , , , , . , , , - anonymous FTP . , , , , , , FTP. , FTP . -볺 FTP . , , , . anonymous FTP Archie, , . FTP , , , , , , , . , UNIX DOS. , , . FTP , . , anonymous FTP . , 볺. FTP , , , - anonymous FTP. , , ,  . , , , 99 .

 

Telnet ( ). () , - Internet, , . Telnet , . . TCP- UDP .

. . , Telnet Internet . Telnet ᒺ, , , , . , Telnet-, Net Term; Telnet Windows TCP/IP.

 

WWW (World Wide Web ) , . www, WWW. ʳ WWW , 30 . WWW , . WWW , 㳺 , , , , , , WWW. WWW , , WWW, . WWW , . , : , , , , . , 쳺 WWW. WWW 볺-, , 볺-: , 볺 , (, , , ᒺ ), . ó , . WWW , , , , , ( ) . , . WWW , WWW, . , -볺 WWW (browsers, ) , -볺 : FTP, Gopher, Usenet, . , WWW , WWW . , WWW , . html (hypertext markup language, ). , WWW . , , . , -, , html. html html ( htm , MS-DOS Windows). URL (uniform resource locator, ). . 3.3.

 

3.3 URL www

URL
www http://internet_/__ html
ftp file:// internet_/__
telnet telnet:// internet_:
News://_

 

http (hypertext transfer protocol, ). , 볺 WWW. WWW , , , , , , , , , . , WWW, . , , WWW, , , WWW . , , , . , , WWW. , html . , . , , . , CNN , SunWorld OnLine : , . - , , WWW. WWW, WWW. : WWW, . .

 

IRC (Internet Relay Chat ()). ³ . : . , , IRC , , . IRC -, . 볺 , IRC, , mirC Mirc32 Windows. ֳ, , , .

Internet :

Archie Internet . , WWW .

. Internet , . , (, , , ..), . :

www.altavista.digital.com

www.uahoo.gu.net

www.aport.ru

www.list.ru

www.rambler.ru

www.yahoo.com

www.gg.ru

www.el.visti.net

www.meta.khariv.net, www.internetri.net, www.google.com.ua.

 

3.7 Internet /

 

' TCP/IP. TCP/IP ' Internet . ( ) . , IP . . IP?

, ' , IP.

IP , , , . , ' 򳺿 . , '. IP .

IP- , ' , , . . , ', . , IP-, ', .

 


. 198.1.1.0. 203.13.4.0. . ' ' , Windows NT. TCP/IP ' IP, ' ( 3.2).

 

( ', ) , , . , IP- . 198.1.1.1, 203.13.4.1.

, . ', .

' IP- 198.1.1.15 203.13.4.41, IP- . 255.255.255.0, .

:

198.1.1.15 = 11000110 00000001 00000001 00001111

255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

= 11000110 00000001 00000001 00000000

 

203.13.4.41 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001

255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00101001

, . , . , 198.1.1.1 .

. ϳ IP- 203.13.4.1.

:

203.13.4.1 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000001

255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000

 

203.13.4.1 = 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000001

255.255.255.0 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

= 11001011 00001101 00000100 00000000

. , ' 򳺿 , '. 3.7.1.

 

. . , , ISDN - .

, Internet ', , ( ', ) , , , . IP-.

 

, , .

? , . .

IP-, . route, TCP/IP. route .

 

. . .

- .

- ( , ).

- .

- , .

: - . - .

- , , ( , ). . , ( ). - .

, . , , . , , , .

- :

- ;

- 15 ;

- .

. . , .

, . , -, . , . ᒺ .

IP - RIP (Routing Information Protocol) 1 2 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) .

 

, .

 

1. URL, , Web-:

html:\www.acme\.

2. Web-, , Internet, ?

3. Internet , , ?

4. NNTP?

5. , ?

6. RIP?

7. -?

8. ?

9. ?

10. - 190.23.201.6?


 

 

 

1. . . : , 1999 468 .

2. , , . .: . . .: , 2002. 656 .: ....

3. . /. .: , 2000.

4. . .. , ... : , 2001.

5. ./ .... .: , 1998. 448.

6. . , , ./ . .. . .:. ., 1994. 400.

7. . INTERNET. .;.; .: ; ,1998.400.

8. . INTERNET..:BHV, 1995. 320c.

9. . INTERNET . .: BHV, 1996. 640c.

10. . : , , . .: . ., 1996. 524 .

11. . , . .: ., 1995. 354 .

12. . . .: V, 1996. 314 .

13. . Windows 98. .: , 1998. 624 .

14. . Windows NT. .: BNV, 1998. 414 .

 

1. .., .. .: , 1998. 336 ., .

2. .., .. .: , 1998. 384 ., .

3. . UNIX: : . . .: BHV, 1996 832 .

4. . . Windows NT: . . .: BHV, 1998 800 c.

5. +, 1998-2002..

6. Microsoft Internet : www.microsoft.net/net.

7. Internet : www.isoc.org/HMP/PAPER/173/html/paper.html.

8. Microsoft Windows NT Windows 2000 Server : www.microsoft.com.

9. WWW Web www.w3.org.

10. Internet: www.imc.org.

11. ó : http://netconference.about.com/internet/netconference/msubl.html.

12. Internet v6 : www.playgraund.sun.com/pub/ipng/html.ipng-main.html.

13. 3Com -, , : www.3com.com/nsc/501302.html.

14. Web- : www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/nodel.html.

15. : www.wssn.net/WSSN.

16. OSI : www.lex-con.com/osimodel.html.

 

 





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