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: . , , , . , ( ) , . . , , (16361711), , , . , , . - , , , .

(17091784), , , , . , , . . . , .. , , . -, . , , .

. : friendship, delight, pride, love, desire, glories, joy, life, mistrust, ardours, virtue, happiness. , , - . : noble, savage, gentle, guiltless, selfish, peaceful. , , : villain, tyrant, flatterer. To : the blest, the brave, the just. , , - , : the human breast, the selfish bosom.

 

FRIENDSHIP

 

Friendship, peculiar boon of heaven,

The noble mind's delight and pride,

To men and angels only given,

To all the lower world denied.

 

While love, unknown among the blest,

Parent of thousand-wild desires,

The savage and the human breast

Torments alike with raging fires.

 

With bright, but yet destructive gleam,

Alike o'er all his lightnings fly,

Thy lambent glorie's only beam

Around the favorites of the sky.

 

Thy gentle flows of "guiltless joys,

On fools and villains ne'er descend;

In vain for thee the tyrant sighs,

And hugs a flatterer for a friend.

 

Directress of the brave and just,

O guide us through life's darksome way!

And let the tortures of mistrust

On selfish bosoms only prey.

 

Nor shall thine ardours cease to glow,

When souls to peaceful climes remove;

What rais'd our virtue here below,

Shall aid our happiness above.

, . , . : , , , .

: raging fires, destructive gleam, lambent glories, guiltless joys.

, .. , , : . : thy glories, thy joys, thine ardours, for thee. . .

: , .

. , , , .. . , , , fire, ardours, glories. ardours glories , . , , , . : descend go down, guide lead, cease stop, aid help, profound deep, glory fame.

, boon ( ), , . ben ().

, , , : o'er, ne'er1.

, , : , , . , ardours ( ), fire , - . , , , , , , . , , - . , , . , .

. (17161771) , . , , . . , . (1747).

. , . . , poetic diction.

, , , , . , ... spires. , . , .

 

ODE ON A DISTANT PROSPECT OF ETON COLLEGE

 

Ye distant spires ye antique tow'rs,

That crown the wat'ry glade,

Where grateful Science still adores

Her Henry's holy shade;

And ye, that from the stately brow

 

Of Windsor's heights th' expanse below

Of grove, of lawn, of mead survey,

Whose turf, whose shade, whose flow' among

Wanders the hoary Thames along

His silver winding way.

 

Ah, happy hills! ah, pleasing shade!

Ah fields beloved in vain,

Where once my careless childhood stray'd,

A stranger yet to pain!

I feel the gales that from ye blow,

A momentary bliss bestow,

As waving fresh their gladsome wing,

My weary soul they seem to sooth,

And, redolent of joy and youth,

To breathe a second spring.

Say, Father Thames, for thou hast seen

 

Full many a sprightly race

Disporting on the margin green,

The paths of pleasure trace;

Who foremost now delight to cleave

With pliant arm thy glassy wave?

The captive linnet which enthral?

What idle progeny succeed

To chase the rolling circle's speed

Or urge the flying ball?

 

, , . , , : glade, grove, lawn, mead, field, turf, hills, a , : adore, happy, pleasing, beloved, gladsome, feel the gales, bestow a momentary bliss, to sooth the weary soul.

, , . gale, , , , , , , .. turf grass, grass , , a turf . , , . , mead [mi:d] meadow ['medou], a gladsome glad (. darksome . dark). disport ( . desport(er) ) sport, , .

: , , . his; : Father Thames.

, (Ye distant spires... that crown...) .

: thou hast seen.

: , , , : Tow'rs, wat'ry, th' expanse.

. 1.

XIX , , . - . , . . , . , , .. , . .

XIX . . (1800) , , , .

. , , , , . , , . . , . . . . .. , , . . , . , , . , . , , . , .

. , . . , poetic diction .

, , , , , , , . . , , .. . : . , . , , . , , , . ; ; . , , , . , , , , , : , 1.

, , , , . , poet., . , , .

, . , :

 

POETESS

 

At verses she was not inept!

Her feet were neatly numbered.

She never cried, she softly wept,

She never slept, she slumbered.

 

She never ate and rarely dined,

Her tongue found sweetmeats sour.

She never guessed, but oft divined

The secrets of a flower.

 

A flower! Fragrant, pliant, clean,

More dear to her than crystal.

She knew what earnings dozed between

The stamen and the pistil.

 

Dawn took her thither to the wood,

At even, home she hithered.

Ah, to the gentle Pan is good

She never died, she withered.

 

 

, , , , , , - . , -, .

, , , - . , . . , , , ..

. , , , , .

, . (, ) ; . , . (18941964) , . , , , , , , , , , .. . , , .. . , , . :

 

To-day we are coming to realize that the body is very far from a conservative system, and that its component parts work in an environment where the available power is much more limited than we have taken it to be. The electronic tube has shown us that a system with an outside source of energy, almost all of which is wasted, may be a very effective agency for performing desired operations, especially if it is worked at a low energy level. We are beginning to see that such important elements as the neurons, the atoms of the nervous complex of our body, do their work under much the same conditions as vacuum tubes, with their relatively small power supplied from outside by the circulation, and that the book-keeping which is most essential to describe their function is not one of energy. In short, the newer study of automata, whether in the metal or in the flesh, is a branch of communication engineering, and its cardinal notions are those of message, amount of disturbance or noise a term taken over from the telephone engineer quantity of information, coding technique, and so on.

In such a theory we deal with automata effectively coupled to the external world, not merely by their energy flow, their metabolism, but also by a flow of impressions, of incoming messages, and of the actions of the outgoing messages. The organs by which impressions are received are the equivalents of the human and animal sense organs. They comprise photoelectric cells and other receptors for light; radar systems receiving their own short Hertzian waves; Hydrogen-ion-potential recorders, which may be said to taste; thermometers; pressure gauges of various sorts; microphones and so on. The effectors may be electrical motors or solenoids or heating coils or other instruments of very diverse sorts. Between the receptor or sense organ and the effector stands an intermediate set of elements whose function is to recombine the incoming impressions into such form as to produce a desired type of response in the effectors. The information fed into this central control system will very often contain information concerning the functioning of the effectors themselves. These correspond among other things to the kinesthetic organs and other proprioceptors of the human system, for we too have organs which record the position of a joint or the rate of contraction of a muscle, etc. Moreover, the information received by the automaton need not be used at once but may be delayed or stored so as to become available at some future time. This is the analogue of memory. Finally, as long as the automaton is running, its very rules of operation are susceptible to some change on the basis of the data which have passed through its receptors in the past, and this is not unlike the process of learning.

The machines of which we are now speaking are not the dream of a sensationalist nor the hope of some future time. They already exist as thermostats, automatic gyrocompass ship-steering systems, self-propelled missiles especially those that seek their target anti-aircraft fire-control systems, automatically-controlled oil-cracking stills, ultra rapid computing machines, and the like. They had begun to be used long before the war indeed the very old steam-engine governor belongs among them but the great mechanisation of the Second World War brought them into their own, and the need of handling the extremely dangerous energy of the atom will probably bring them to a still higher point of development. Scarcely a month passes but a new book appears on these so-called control mechanisms, or servo-mechanisms, and the present age is as truly the age of servo-mechanisms as the nineteenth century was the age of steam engine or the eighteenth century the age of the clock.

To sum up: the many automata of the present age are coupled to the outside world both for the reception of impressions and for the performance of actions. They contain sense organs, effectors and the equivalent of a nervous system to integrate the transfer of information from the one to the other. They lend themselves very well to the description in physiological terms. It is scarcely amiracle that they can be subsumed under one theory with the mechanisms of physiology1.

 

.

. . , , .

 

This is the analogue of memory.

They lend themselves very well to description in physiological terms.

 

. . . , , , , : hydrogen-ion-potential recorders, automatic gyrocompass ship-steering systems, anti-aircraft fire-control systems, automatically-controlled oil-cracking stills.

. , , .

, , : that, and that, than, if, as, or, nor...

: not merely... but also, whether... or, both... and, as... as... thereby, therewith, hereby, .

. Between the receptor or sense organ and the effector stands an intermediate set of elements .

. , . , to sum up, as we have seen, so far we have been considering.

finally, again, thus. , .. . (. . 196) now.

: we are coming to realize, we have taken it to be, the tube has shown us, we are beginning to see, we deal with, we are now speaking. . -, . , , , -, . : the information will very often contain, .

, . : very far from conservative, much less limited, almost all of which, very effective, much the same, most essential, very diverse sorts, long before the war .. . noise, amount of disturbance , . , , . noise, .

. , , : note that..., I wish to emphasize..., another point of considerable interest is..., an interesting problem is that of..., one of the most remarkable of... phenomena is..., it is by no means trivial... .

, .

: , , -. : automaton automata, perform, cardinal, comprise, susceptible, analogous, approximate, calculation, circular, heterogeneous, initial, internal, longitudinal, maximum, minimum, phenomenon phenomena, respectively, simultaneous. .

, , , . , , , , : automaton automata.

. , , , , , . , . , , . , , . , , . :

 

when we arrived

at the time of our arrival

when we arrive

 

, , . I use the same notation as previously : The notation is the same as previously used. , . , It should be borne in mind, it may be seen one: one may write, one may show, one may assume, one can readily see. , : , , .

, : that of, those of, that + Part. . :

 

To cover this aspect of communication engineering we had to develop a statistical theory of the amount of information, in which the unit of the amount of information was that transmitted as a single decision between equally probable alternatives. This idea occurred at about the same time to several writers, among them the statistician R.A. Fisher, Dr. Shannon of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, and the author. Fisher's motive in studying this subject is to be found in classical statistical theory; that of Shannon in the problem of coding information; and that of the author in the problem of noise and message in electrical filters1.

 

, , , , . : Normally two horizontal permeabilities are measured. , . , . , .

.

 

 

. : , . , .

. . . : ) , , , .. , , ) , , 2.

.. .. , , , , . , : , , , . - , ; , 1.

, , , . .

, , . , , , : , - . , , , . . . , , . , : , , , , , - .. , , , , , . , . , , - . . , , , . .

, . . , 100 , , , . .

- : , , .., , - 1, . , , , : vital issue, tree world, pillar of society, bulwark of liberty, escalation of war. .

, , , , . , : When the last Labour Government was kicked out (Daily Mail) 2. . , , : historic, epoch-making, triumphant, unforgettable , : banner, champion, clarion, shield.

. . , , , . , . , , , , : , , , , , .

: .

 

1. Italy's radio, TV workers on strike

2. Apollo trail-blazers back relaxed and joking

3. Back to work to kill the bill

4. Ugly noises from Los Angeles mayor's nest

5. Convict sentenced to life for coffin girl kidnap

 

. , . . , , , , , , ; ; , , - , . , , . , . , , , : mayor's nest mare's nest , , , -. , . . , , - , , . , .

, . :

 

1. The Nuremberg war crimes tribunal

2. 60 part-time nursery pupils

3. The Post Offices two-tier postal system

 

, , , .

, , . . .. 1, Daily Worker , , . . , Dockers: Union Move. , , , , : 28 days strike notice now given. ( ) . , .

, , .

. . . , , : 65% . : Ministers invited to No 10 Downing Street , 10 - ( -), ... be , - : Oil men's strike to go on Oil men's strike is to go on.

, , :

Tenants wait to see what Labour brings, : are waiting to see.

, .. , , , , :

 

Sinking houses on a new estate < Houses on a new estate are sinking.

 

, , , . . , : be. , , of. , , . (.: Minister of War War Minister.)

. .

. , be, .

is are , , - , : Dock dispute: the gap is as wide as ever.

.. , , , , .

. , ; . , . , , , . , , . , , . Morning Star :

 

PLEASE, CAN I MOVE MY GRAVE?

 

Mr Bailey wants to move a tomb his own tomb from one part of his garden to another.

He had planning permission to dig, so to speak, his own grave in the first place, so now he seeks permission to change the location. He hasn't installed the tomb yet. The application came before Tees-side council's planning committee yesterday.

Mr Bailey, Alfred to his friends, headed his application Re-siting of approved tomb to bury Bailey in. There was mention of a concrete slab to hold him down and marble mosaic to write his life story on.

STONE SLAB

 

There was a sectional drawing showing a coffin on top of a stone slab.

North Riding country council gave permission for the tomb before Summit House, Marton, where Mr Bailey lives (and is dying to be buried) passed to Tees-side.

Tees-side yesterday deferred a decision. I am against people being allowed to be buried all over the place, said Aid. Mrs M.E. Jackson, a member of the committee.

 

, , , , , .

- , : render imperative, militate against, make contact with, be subjected to, have the effect of, play a leading part (role) in, take effect, exhibit a tendency to, serve the purpose of .. , , prove, render, serve, form, play, . : greatly to be desired, a development to be expected, brought to a satisfactory conclusion.

(by examination of, by examining).

, , with respect to, having regard to, in view of, on the hypothesis that.

, not unimportant, not unworthy, not inevitable .., , , : in my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that I think.

, , . .

.. 1. , , , , . , , , , , : A group of Tory backbenchers yesterday called for severe restrictions on the CND Easter peace demonstration (Morning Star). , , , , , . , , , , .

. . 1.

 

 

, .

, , , . , , , colloquial, , .

. - - ( ), , .

. , . , . , , . , , , , . .

, , , -.

, . , , , , , , , .

, .. 1.

, (.. ), , , . .

, , , . , .. , : it's, it isn't, I don't, I didn't, you can't, you've, we'll .. , have I've he's , , get: I've got, he's got; , have + Inf.:

I've got to go now. shall will 11. , , , ha.

have - - : Seen any movies? I asked (Gr. Greene). Been travelling all the winter Egypt, Italy and that chucked America! I gather (J. Galsworthy).

, . , , , 2- 1- ; .

, : give up, look out, : frig, marg, vegs, mineral waters minerals : Morning!, : thing, stuff, : go it .. . .. 1. .. , , . , , , : must have got mixed in something in Chicago. I guess so, said Nick (E. Hemingway). so . .. . The mother kissed the child's tears away . , ; , , , : The mother kissed the child and he stopped crying.

, , , , . . -.

, .. , , . time fillers, .. well, I mean, you see : like as if. , - , . : don't give me no riddles, don't bring no discussion of politics, : Don't you call mother names. She's had a hard life. Don't you forget it. (J. ), you: You, come here! Come here, you!

.

, , , , , , - . .. . -, , . . . , .. : 1) - : When do you begin? Tomorrow, said the Rafaelite. 2) , : So you would naturally say. And mean. 3) , : There's some talk of suicide, he said. James's jaw dropped. Suicide? What should he do that for? 4) : Well, Mr Desert, do you find reality in politics now? Do you find reality in anything, sir?

C.C. , , , . , , : ...Americans are generally important, sooner or later. To themselves, said Fleur, and saw Holly smile.

: I feel you're a rock Built on sand, answered Jolyon...

, C.C. , : ...But you're the head of the family, Jon you ought to settle. Nice head! said Jon bitterly.

- , , . -: What do you call it? Call it? The big field.

. (85%) , , ...

. . , , . , , , . - do. , , , do , , . : What has happened to your strange neighbour? I did hear he'd gone to Australia.

, do :

 

You can't blame anyone, it's the war.

The war does spoil everything, doesn't it? (Gr. Greene)

 

. do, , , , , :

 

Perhaps I'd better tell the police to call, he said. You'd feel more comfortable, wouldn't you. Mr Jimson, if the police were in charge less responsibility... Thank you, I said, You're a good chap. For I do certainly feel a lot of responsibility (J. Cary. The Horse's Mouth).

 

Do , , , , , , .

- , , , , . , do . , , , , , , .

do , actually, in fact, indeed, really, undoubtedly .. seem.

: Monica: I see her point, you know. You really did go a little too far (N. Coward. Present Laughter).

a little :

 

You really did go too far.

You did go too far.

You went too far.

 

, , really do, , , , ; .





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