- , . . , . , MAC-, , . IP- . IP- , .
IP- , . () . . , , .
, IP- . . , . , . .
, IP- . .
DNS. . DNS.
(DNS) IP- . , . .com,.edu .net.
DNS- , IP-. , , -, IP-, DNS- 53. IP- DNS-, DNS IP .
DNS- , IP- -. DNS- , DNS- . IP- DNS- . DNS- IP-, - .
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ping tracert(traceroute).
ping TCP/IP.
(ICMP Echo-Request) ICMP (ICMP Echo-Reply). (RTT, . Round Trip Time) (RTT) , .
Traceroute , TCP/IP. Traceroute ICMP.
traceroute , , . - , . , . , , . , ICMP , , . , ICMP , .