Present Perfect , . , , , :
1. Elisabeth has made her beautiful cake already. ( ).
Present Perfect :
, , : Jane has broken her leg two times.
2. , : Sarah has finished her knitting tonight.
3. , , : Jack has studied German since 2002. 2002 .
Past Perfect , , :
1. Her cousin came too late, Jane had already dropped asleep. : ( ).
2. Elisabeth had not (hadn`t) written her report for many hours before she understood her mistake. , ( ).
Past Perfect:
1. ( ) , , , - , : After all the patients hadbeen examined, Mr. Jackson went home. , , .
2. , , , : George finally caught the animal and saw the consequences of their fighting. His cat had scratched his hands and the left cheek. , , . .
Future Perfect , , , :
1. A day after tomorrow Ann will have worked here for ten years. , ( ).
2. Will Ann have worked here for ten years a day after tomorrow? , ( )?
3. A day after tomorrow Ann will not (won`t) have worked here for ten years. , ( ).
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, , : Mary will have gathered a lot of mushrooms before they can find her. , .
2. , .
1.When I came to the parking I found that my Opel (to steal).
2.Peter (to live) in London for two years before he got used to rainy weather.
3.Kate (to learn) Spanish for two years now.
4.The aborigines were stunned because they (never, to see) ships before.
5.Security wont let him in because he (to forget) his member card.
6.The security said: I wont let you in because you (to forget) your member card.
7. (to see) the new film by Scorsese?
8.Girls (to drink) a lot of Martini by the time the celebration ended.
9.My friend were nervous because they (to wait) for too long.
10.He never gets up from the table before others (to finish).
3. Present Perfect. .
1.The pupils are writing the dictation. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 3. I am learning a poem 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweeping the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. I am eating my breakfast. 8. We are drinking water. 9. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 10. You are putting the dishes on the table.
:
.
1. down :
Tell him to go down the steps.
- :
Her house is situated down the river.
2. up - , ( , -):
She is going up the stairs.
- ( ):
To go up North .
- :
To go up the street.
3. across :
- , :
She is running across the street.
A tree lay across the road.
- , :
There is a forest across the river.
4. over - :
- - :
To fly over the sea.
- - :
His hand was over his heart.
- -:
A new bridge was built over the river.
- , :
She put an apron over the dress.
- :
He was over 40.
- , , , :
To speak over the telephone.
5. into:
- , -:
He went into the room.
- :
Slipping his hands into the coat pocket he felt for his keys.
- - :
His car ran into the wall.
- , :
The rain changed into snow.
- - - :
I'm into electronics myself.
6. out of :
- -:
I took my keys out of my bag and >put it in my pocket.
:
out of :
- , :
to make a building out of stone
- :
20% out of hundred.
- , :
He did it out of envy.
- - , :
This phrase is out of use.
7. through :
- , -:
He came into the house through the window.
The path goes through the forest.
To go through the tunnel.
- - (, , ) :
He got through the examinations.
:
- through :
all night through.
The children are too young to sit through a long concert.
8. past -:
He walked past the church.
:
- past (, ):
Its a quarter past three.
9. under , :
- , ( ):
under the table
under the tree
- ( -):
under water
under the book
- ( , , , -:)
under pressure
- , , ( - , -, - ):
under the impression
- ; ; ( , , , ..):
under the age of 12
purchased under cost
10. round/around -, ; :
around the world
- , :
around corner
- , :
to walk around the town
:
- , :
He paid around a $ 100.
11. along - , :
along the street
- ( ), (-):
I lost my hat along the way.
12. towards [tə'wɔːdz] - , :
I turned towards home.
- , :
His attitude towards us was quite good.
- ; , :
He saved money towards education.
- :
towards the end of month
4. on, in into.
1. There are many people the park today. 2. There is a girl standing the bridge. Why is she crying? She has dropped her doll the water. 3. There is no tea my cup. 4. Pour some tea my cup. 5. Put these flowers the windowsill. 6. I saw many people the platform waiting for the train. 7. We went the garden and sat down a bench. 8. The teacher hung a picture the blackboard. 9. I opened the door and went the classroom. The teacher was writing some words the blackboard. The pupils were writing these words their exercise books. There were two maps the wall and some flowers the windowsills. I saw a pen the floor. I picked it up and put it the table. 10. He put his hand his pocket, took out a letter and dropped it the mailbox which hung the wall of the house. Then he got his car and drove off. 11. Where is the book? It is the table. 12. Where is the tea? It is the cup. 13. Put the plates the table. 14. Put the book the bag. 15. There is a beautiful picture the wall. 16. He went the room. 17. I like to sit the sofa my room. 19. She went the room and sat down the sofa.
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8.
:
: -
1. :
 Jack loves Jill. Does Jack love Jill?
1. She speaks French.
2. Bob has met your sister.
3. The wind was blowing hard.
4. He has played tennis for two years now.
5. I am right.
6. She brought him a glass of water.
7. They came to a village.
8. The children have had breakfast.
9. You have heard of him.
10. She will do her best.
11. The cat was lying under the table.
12. She knows English well.
2. :
 Does he love her? He loves her.
1. Will they come tonight?
2. Has Tom painted this portrait?
3. Do you want to go to Paris?
4. Have the girls gone home?
5. Did they go home at six oclock?
6. Has he drunk all the whisky?
7. Does Graham speak Spanish?
8. Have they sold their old car?
9. Did she visit Tom every day?
10. Has she changed much?
3. Present Perfect Past Simple:
1........... (You/go) on holidays last year?
2. Yes, I.................... (go) to Spain.
3............. (you/ever/be) there?
4. I.......................... (not/finish) my homework yet.
5. We.... (not/see) him since he............ (leave) school.
6. We................ (go) to bed early last night because we.................. (be) tired.
7. Kevin.............................. (lose) his key. He................... (leave) it on the bus yesterday.
8. I........ (not play) tennis since I....................... (be) at school.
9. I think our teacher........................ (forget) about the test. He............ (not say) anything about it in the last lesson.
10. Sarah................ (break) her leg. She........ (fall) off a horse last week.
11. I............. (finish) decorating my room. I......... (paint) it last week and I........................ (put) the new curtains last night.
12. Tom............... (see) this film twice.
4. , Past Indefinite, the Present Perfect, the Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous.
1. Cliff usually________ (to have) six lessons every day.
2. What Linda and Charles________ (to do) in the night club now?
3. Whose friends________ (to learn) French?
4. How many times a week she ________ (to do) her morning exercises?
5. Why you ________ (not to cook) chicken for the picnic yet?
6. Where she usually________ (to travel)?
7. Who ________ (to play) the guitar in the next room now?
8. The lessons ________ (to begin) at 10 oclock yesterday.
9. We just ________ (to listen) to classical music.
10. My friend ________ (to do) well in English.
11. Whose friend________ (to be) in London last year?
12. What Paul ________ (to do)? He ________ (to be) an actor.
13. I________ (to get) up early yesterday morning.
14. They just________ (to tell) me about their trip to Paris.
15. Who ________ (to read) French well in your class?
16. I never ________ (to be) late for my classes yet.
17. His class usually ________ (to last) 45 miutes.
18. Which of you________ (to read) English books? We________ (to do)
: , ,
9.
: - 1.
: , , ,
1. ( ).
1. I can see Amanda. ______ is waiting for the New York plane.
A) I B) She
C) His D) He
2. The clerk is speaking to the women. He is talking to ______.
A) them B) they
C) him D) he
3. I havent got the keys. Father has got ______.
A) him B) her
C) it D) them
4. Can you see those boys and ______ father?
A) they B) them
C) their D) him
5. Cats can wash ______ paws and fur.
A) they B) his
C) its D) their
2. , .
The child is from Mexico, he is 10 years old. ( , 10 .) The children are from Mexico, they are 10 years old. ( , 10 .)
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Family Relationships
How could you describe the word "family"? First of all "family" means a close unit of parents and their children living together. But we shouldn't forget that it is a most complex system of relationships. Family relationships are rarely as easy as we would like, and very often we have to work hard at keeping them peaceful.
When do people usually start a family? This question doesn't have a definite answer. In the 18th, 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century people used to get married at the age of 18 or even 16. If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said to be an old maid or a spinster. That might have turned out a real tragedy for her family which usually brought up more than three children, because in some cases a successful marriage was the only chance to provide a good life for the daughter and to help her family. Despite the fact that the girl was so young, she was already able to keep the house, take care of her husband and raise children. To feel the time, its culture and customs I advise you to read a wonderful novel or see a breathtaking film "Pride and Prejudice". Though the story takes place at the turn of the 19th century, it retains fascination for modern readers, revealing some problems which may be urgent in the 21st century.
But life's changing as well as people's style of life. Nowadays we have got much more freedom in questions concerning family. It is natural to get married at the age of 20 up to 30; however, some people prefer to make a career first and only after that start a family when they are already in their forties. Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together without being married. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, it is difficult to juggle a family life with studies at school or university. But without good education it is practically impossible to find a suitable well-paid steady job. It's a must to get a higher education, but by this moment you are already 2224 years old. After that you seek for a well-paid job to live independently, which takes about 35 years. Now you see why people in the 21st century do not hurry to get married.
There is also another difference between old and modern families. Nowadays it is very unusual to find three generations living under one roof as they used to do in the past. Relatives, as a rule, live separately and don't often meet one another. This fact sharply hurts an older generation. Our parents and grandparents usually suffer from lack of attention and respect from their children and grandchildren, although they try not to show it. They really don't need much, just a telephone call or a visit once a week will make them happy.
There are two basic types of families. A nuclear family a typical family consisting of parents and children. A single-parent family consists of one parent and children. Nowadays there are very few people who have never divorced. Today the highest divorce rate in the world has the Maldive Republic. The United States of America take the third place. Russia is at the ninth place. What are the reasons of great numbers of divorce? Let us name some of the most common and serious ones.
Occurrence of adultery once or throughout the marriage. The unfaithful attitude towards a spouse destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.
Communication breakdown. After some time of living under one roof spouses find out that they are absolutely incompatible. Constant clashes, brawls and squabbles cause serious problems. The differences grow as a snowball and can't be already settled by kisses or hugs.
Physical, psychological or emotional abuses. When a person taunts, humiliates, hits the children or his spouse, it can't but end with a divorce.
Financial problems. It sounds lamentably, but sometimes love alone can't guarantee well-being, whereas money can solve many of your problems. So when a couple lacks it, their relations become more and more complicated, their priorities change and the relationships end.
Boredom. A lot of couples get bored of each other after 7 or more years of marriage. Boredom may become the reason of constant quarrels and adultery which inevitably leads to a divorce.
However, it goes without saying, in most cases married couples succeed in solving all the problems and keep living in peace and happiness.
Vocabulary:
relationship ,
unit
a most ,
complex
rarely
peaceful
definite ,
old maid
spinster
to turn out
to bring up ,
to provide
despite
to keep the house
to raise children
custom
breathtaking
"Pride and Prejudice" ( )
to take place
at the turn of the 19th century XIX
to retain ,
fascination , ,
modern
to reveal , ,
urgent ,
to concern ,
to start a family
to be in one's forties 40 50
moreover
to juggle
suitable
well-paid
steady
higher education
to seek
independently
generation
separately
to suffer from
lack of attention
nuclear family
typical
single-parent family
to consist of
to divorce
divorce rate
occurrence ,
adultery
throughout ,
unfaithful attitude
spouse ,
separation
communication breakdown
to be incompatible
clash
brawl ,
squabble ,
difference
to resolve ,
hug
abuse ,
to taunt ,
to humiliate
to hit ,
lamentably ,
wellbeing
priority
to solve
boredom
inevitably
1. :
2.
1. complex a)
2. peaceful b)
3. definite c)
4. urgent d)
5. suitable e)
6. well-paid f)
7. steady g)
3. .
1) First of all "family" means
2) If a girl about 23 or more wasn't married, she was said
3) But life's changing as well as
4) Moreover, there are many cases when people prefer to live together
5) Nowadays it is very unusual to find three generations living under one roof as
6) A single-parent family consists of
7) .. destroys the relationship and leads to a final separation.
4. .
1. How many members are there in your family?
2. At what age did your parents get married?
3. Give your opinion of marriages of the previous centuries.
4. Do you think it is possible for a modern girl of eighteen to start a family?
5. People should not get married unless they are deeply in love, should they?
6. What can be done by both spouses to prevent a divorce?
7 What are the family roles distributed within a family? What is a "woman's place" and what is a "man's place" in the family?
8. Can the birth of children strengthen the family?
9. There is a good phrase in the English language about marriages "to go on the rocks". It means to break down, to crumble. Think of the similar ones in Russian.
10. Do you agree with the statement that unhappy couples with children should stay together until the children are grown?
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About My Family
My family is not very big, just a typical family: Dad, Mom, me, my brother and sister and our cat. My Mummy is forty-one, she is a teacher of Spanish at the University. She is a born teacher. She has teaching abilities. My Dad is forty-two, he is a professional painter, he works for a design company. My parents both like their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen, she goes to the University, she wants to be a teacher of history. She is fond of reading books on history and fiction. My younger brother Igor is only six years old, he goes to the kindergarten. He is very funny; I like to spend my free time teaching him something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They like gardening. They spend a lot of their time in the garden. They grow vegetables and fruits. We enjoy having fresh vegetables and green on our dinner table. I love my family very much. We always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
Vocabulary:
typical-
Spanish -
ability -
painter -
fiction -
funny -
to spend -
to grow -
to enjoy -
green -
to be fond of smth. - -
1. :
2. .
1. How many people are there in the family?
2. Do you have a brother or a sister?
3. Where do your parents work?
4. Do your parents understand you?
5. In what way do you help your parents?
6. How old are your grandparents?
7. How do you get along with your family?
8. Which of the parents do you want to be like?
My Week-day
My week-days didn't differ much one from another. I went to school six days a week. That's why, I had to wake up at 7 o'clock every morning. Sometimes I wanted to stay in bed for some more time but my mother always insisted on my getting up. I put on my bathrobe and slippers and unwillingly went to the bathroom. A cold shower made me feel not so sleepy, then I dried myself on a towel and hurried to the bedroom.I switched on a TV-set, it was just the time for a cartoon.
You may ask me why I didn't do my morning exercises. From time to time, when I saw smiling slim girls on TV briskly doing their exercises to music, I swore I should get up earlier and do my morning exercises every day, but it didn't last long and soon I forgot about it. Then I did my bed, dressed myself and had my breakfast. At a quarter to eight I rushed to school, it usually took me 10 minutes to get there. My classes began at 8 o'clock, and every day I had seven or eight lessons. At 3 o'clock the classes were over, and I went home.
After dinner, I did some work about the house (washed dishes, swept the floor, went shopping) and sat down to my lessons. I spent a great deal of time on them. At 8 o'clock all my textbooks and notebooks were put into a bag, and I could watch TV or read a book, look through papers and magazines. Sometimes, when my friend called for me we went for a walk.At eleven o'clock, tired after a long working day, I went to bed and in some minutes fell asleep.
Vocabulary:
bathrobe
slippers
unwillingly ,
to dry on a towel
to switch on a TV-set
cartoon
from time to time
slim
briskly
to do one's bed
to rush ,
to do some work about the house
to sit down to one's lessons
to look through -
to call for smb. -
to be tired after
3. .
1. insist on a)
2. put on b)
3. go to c)
4. switch on d)
5. get up e)
6. sit down f)
7. put into g)
4. .
1. When did you have to wake up when you went to school?
2. When did you go to the bathroom?
3. When did you hurry to your bedroom?
4. When did you swear you would do your morning exercises?
5. At what time did you rush to school?
6. How many lessons did you have every day?
7. Did you do some work about the house?
8. What work did you do about the house?
9. What did you do in the evening?
10. When did you go to bed?
11. Did you fall asleep at once? Why?
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House of My Dream
Everyone likes dreaming. Dream is a hope for better things. It helps us to overcome the difficulties of our daily routine. A dream depends on people, on their education, nationality, character and other things. People imagine they have a lot of money, own family, an expensive car. Other people imagine themselves to be presidents of different countries or whole planets, etc.
I'd like to tell you about the house of my dream. I'd like to have my own house on the bank of a beautiful river with crystal water, surrounded by high mountains, covered with green forest of evergreen trees.
I would live there with my wife and two children. I imagine my house to be a 2 storeyed building. Near the front side it has a facade with columns and steps up to the front door. There are also two balconies and a terrace in my house. The windows are in the shape of arches. Through them you can see a wonderful landscape. There are lots of fir trees and flowers around the house. And you can walk in the shade of these trees listening to the birds singing.
As you come through the front door, you find yourself in a large hall with an open fireplace. One of the doors leads to the living room. This room faces the south, so it's very sunny and has a lovely view of the whole valley. In the middle of this room there's a thick Persian carpet.
There are few units of furniture in this room. On the left there's a leather sofa and small table nearby, on the right you can see home cinema and satellite receiver. There are two armchairs in the corner of this room. In the living room we spend our evenings chatting with each other, children play with a kitten.
Then a wide staircase takes you to the first floor where there are four bedrooms. My children's rooms are really vast. The wallpapers are very colourful in bright shapes. Also there are lots of toys to play with.
In the basement there is a big garage for our cars. We have got two cars: one for me and one for my wife.
Behind the house there is a swimming bath, covered with glass. There are some plastic armchairs around the swimming bath. Our house looks peaceful and calm and the calmest room is my study. Next door to the study there is our library. It is a huge room with thousands books on history, astronomy, physics, science fictions, fantasy, poetry, etc. Someone might think that it is an antagonism, because everything we want to read we can receive via Internet, but I like real books, to handle them in my hands, to read them page by page. As for my children, they prefer associating with their friends.
We have many different electrical appliances in our house. They make our life more comfortable. Also we have some robots to help us. They look after the house, grow vegetables in our garden and involved in cooking. So, we enjoy having greens and fresh vegetables on our dinner table during long winters. Our house is a beautiful place at any time of the year. In winter it's warm and cosy, in summer there is so much to do outside.
Vocabulary:
to dream ,
to overcome (past overcame, p.p. overcome) ;
routine
expensive
crystal
surrounded
evergreen
facade .
terrace
shape ,
arch
landscape ,
fir tree
shade
fireplace
to lead (past led, p.p. ied)to
valley
carpet
furniture
leather
nearby , , ,
satellite receiver
armchairs
to chat , ,
kitten
staircase
vast ,
wallpaper
toy
basement , ()
garage
calm ,
study ,
huge , , ,
to receive ,
via -., -.
to handle
to associate -.
electrical appliances
to look after ,
to grow (past grew,-p.p. grown) ,
to involve ,
to cook /
1. :
2. .
1. dream a)
2. imagine b)
3. tell c)
4. walk d)
5. lead e)
6. play f)
7.take g)
8. cover h)
9. think i)
10. grow j)
3. :
1. Why do people like dreaming?
2. Where would I like to have my own house?
3. How many rooms and floors are there in my house?
4. What can you see in my living room?
5. What can you see in the children's rooms?
6. What is there in the basement?
7. What makes our life more comfortable?
4. .
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My Household Duties
This is my last year at school, and I work hard to pass my final exams successfully. As I am very busy, I can't help my parents much in keeping the house.
But still I have some household duties. Every day I do my room and my bed, wash up dishes, dust the furniture and usually go to the baker's after I have dinner.
I buy some brown and white bread, biscuits and cakes there. The shop is not far from our house and it doesn't take me long to do everyday shopping.
Once a week I help my mother to do all other work about the house. We wash our linen, iron and mend it, clean the flat. We beat the dust out of the carpets, vacuum the floors and polish them. It's not difficult to keep the flat tidy if you do your rooms regularly. This is my usual round of duties. But sometimes I have some other things to do.
When my mother is ill or away from home, I do the cooking and the washing up, the buying of food and the planning of meals. I am not a good cook, but my vegetable soup is always tasty. I can also boil an egg or fry some meat. I also lay the table and clear away the dishes. If I'm too busy or can't do these things, all the duties are organized among other members of our family.
Sometimes I have to visit everyday services: hairdresser's, shoemaker's, tailor's, dry-cleaner's, photographer's. At the hairdresser's I have my hair cut and waved. At the shoemaker's I have my shoes and boots repaired, at the photographer's I have my photos taken. Service is generally good, but in some cases it leaves much to be desired.
My brother has his own duties at home. He helps to fix and repair some things. For example, he repairs electrical appliances when they are out of order. He has already repaired our mother's electric iron, my desk lamp and his own shaver.
Last year I was at my grandparents. They are elderly people and need care and attention. During my stay there, I swept the floors and washed them, fed the chickens, collected the eggs and weeded the vegetable-beds. I don't know how to milk the cow but I helped to feed the other animals: lambs, sheep and pigs. I enjoyed this work very much.
Vocabulary:
household ,
to work hard
to keep the house
linen
to mend
to vacuum
to polish
tidy ,
round of duties
tasty
hairdresser
to have one's hair waved
to repair
to have one's photo taken
to leave much to be desired
to fix
appliances ,
to be out of order
shaver ,
to feed (fed, fed)
to weed
to milk the cow
lamb
pig
1. :
2. :
1. As I am very busy, I can't
2. Once a week I help my mother to do
3. If I'm too busy or can't do these things, all the duties are organized among
4. My brother has his own
5. They are elderly people and need
3. :
1. Why do you work hard?
2. What do you do every day?
3. What do you do once a week?
4. Why is it not difficult to keep the flat tidy?
5. What do you do when your mother is ill?
6. What services do you have to visit?
7. What are your brother's duties at home?
8. What did you do when you were at your grandparents?
4. .
: , ,
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: (, , ).
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Love Is Life
What is love? Even in this advanced age of science, when people conquer space, do the shopping via the Internet, clone animals and transplant organs, they still don't fully understand the nature and purpose of love. There are numerous definitions of love. For example, the dictionary defines love as 'a strong feeling of fondness for another person, especially between members of a family or close friends'. Love is a mixture of complex and extremely powerful feelings. It is a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography.
A great number of scientists and psychologists have been trying to understand the essence of love. Robert Sternberg, an American psychologist, has proposed a triangular theory of love. To his mind love is made of some combination of intimacy, passion and commitment. According to Robert Sternberg, intimacy 'encompasses feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness'. Passion 'encompasses drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation'. Commitment is 'the decision to remain with another, and in the long term, the shared achievements and plans made with that other'. Robert Sternberg has affirmed that 'passion is the quickest to develop, and the quickest to fade. Intimacy develops more slowly, and commitment more gradually still'. Different stages and types of love can be explained by different combinations of these three elements. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love (pure passion), empty love (commitment without intimacy or passion), romantic love (emotional and physical bonds), companionate love (intimate, non-passionate love), fatuous love (passion without intimacy), consummate love (perfect love).
Scientists affirm that love has a chemical basis. Recent studies in neuroscience have shown that when people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals that stimulate the brain's pleasure center and cause increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. This stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years. So it is not unusual that passion which characterizes the first stage of love disappears with the passing of time and other feelings such as respect, tenderness and affection set in. Only true love stands the test of time. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but draw closer to one another.
Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people who are in love resemble to those with a mental illness. Scientists say that love deactivates the brain regions associated with negative emotions, with social judgment and with judging other people's intentions and emotions. That is why people in love are often unable to make critical judgments and they look at their partner through rose-coloured spectacles.
What is the secret of long-term relationships? Why do some couples live long and happily together while others separate? Maybe the secret is to try to understand and forgive each other and to feel the responsibility for your partner's life. Shared interests unite people while sincerity and mutual understanding form emotional closeness. And of course it is very important to have confidence in each other as in true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.
1. (A-H) (18):
A. Love is a mixture of
B. To Robert Sternberg's mind, love is made of some combination of
C. Different stages and types of love can be explained by
D. Robert Sternberg has also distinguished such types of love as
E. Scientists affirm that love
F. Passion which characterizes the first stage of love
G. Studies have also indicated that brain scans of people infatuated by love
H. People who are truly in love and who have been together for years don't grow apart but
1. draw closer to one another.
2. disappears with the passing of time.
3. nonlove, liking or friendship, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love, consummate love.
4. resemble to those with a mental illness.
5. different combinations of these three elements.
6. complex and extremely powerful feelings.
7. has a chemical basis.
8. intimacy, passion and commitment.
2. :
fondness romance intimacy affection passion relationship commitment jealousy
3. , , .
All is fair in love and war.
Faults are thick where love is thin.
Love conquers all.
Love laughs at locksmiths.
Love and cough cannot be hid.
He that loves the tree, loves the branch.
Love makes the world go around.
Love is not found in the market.
Love is blind.
No herb will cure love.
When poverty comes in at the door, love flies out at the window.
Old love does not rust.
4. . .
It is no use trying to understand the essence of love. Love is not science. It is magic.
Opposites attract.
Love is just chemistry.
Love is a natural feeling like hunger or thirst.
Love can't last forever.
We often look at our partner through rose-coloured spectacles.
Only true love stands the test of time.
In true love there is no room for doubt and jealousy.
5. :
1) Why is love a major theme in philosophy, literature, music, poetry and cinematography?
2) What can you say about the triangular theory of love? Do you agree with it?
3) What is the difference between intimacy, passion and commitment?
4) What do scientists say about the essence of love?
5) What are the symptoms of love?
6) Why can't we say that passion and love are synonyms?
7) Why do people who are in love often seem to be mad?
8) What is the secret of long-term relationships to your mind?
9) Why is love important in people's life?
10) Do you agree that 'all we need is love'? Explain your answer.
6. , .
'All love shifts and changes. I don't know if you can be wholeheartedly in love all the time.' (Julie
Andrews)
'Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage.'(Lao Tzu)
'Life is the flower for which love is the honey.' (Victor Hugo)
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Health
Do you know the famous phrase "We are what we eat"? The saying is as old as the hills and means that to be fit and healthy you need to eat proper food.
Do you think carefully about the food you eat or you just don't care? Your answer will fully determine your health condition. Nowadays we have a generally accepted pearl of beauty which is foisted on us by the fashion industry. A beautiful girl is suggested to be very slim and even skinny, tall, long legged and long armed. Many girls do their best to look like top-models whom they see every day on advertisement boardings and on TV. But this glossy beauty, which in most cases is made in special computer programmes, conceals a huge problem, sometimes a mortal problem.
Compared with adults, children need more nutrients, as bones, muscles and blood system in their bodies are developing. These nutrients: carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, protein and fat provide us with energy necessary for growth, tissue repair, immunity and metabolism. Nowadays there is a tendency among teenagers to follow different diets in order to be in line with their idols. Unfortunately, a passion for diets may turn out a real tragedy. It is very important to keep in mind that you mustn't go on a diet without consulting a dietician beforehand; otherwise it may be really dangerous for your health.
There are girls who try to keep a healthy diet, it may be vegetarian, dairy product or rice diet. However, there are also girls who are sure that the less they eat the healthier they are. And that's a great mistake. When preoccupation with being thin takes over your eating habits, thoughts, and life, it's a sign of a psychic disorder. An eating disorder is an illness which causes deep concern about your everyday diet. Eating disorders frequently appear during the teen years. One of the well-known types of eating disorder is anorexia.
When a person has anorexia, the desire to lose weight becomes more important than anything else. He may even lose the ability to see himself from the side. Because of a person's dread of growing fat or disgust at the sight of his body, the eating process may be very stressful. Thoughts about dieting, food, and body may take up most of the day. There is no more time for friends, family, and other activities he or she used to enjoy. But no matter how thin a person grew, it's never enough. People suffering from anorexia never acknowledge the illness, but it can damage their health and even threaten their life.
So, what is the difference between healthy dieting and anorexia? First of all, healthy dieting is an attempt to control only weight, but anorexia is an attempt to control the whole life and emotions. Secondly, when dieting a person's self-esteem is based on good mood and improving his or her appearance; as for anorexia, it is based entirely on the fact how many kilogrammes you've managed to lose. Thirdly, the aim of losing weight while dieting is to improve a person's health and appearance, whereas for people having anorexia losing weight is the way to achieve happiness.
Anorexia is a very complicated disease and very difficult to cure as it involves not only body but also one's mind. To recover from anorexia a person has to realize that he has a problem. Only in this case it is possible to get over it. Besides anorexia, there are similar diseases caused by lack of eating, for example, bulimia.
There is also another illness connected with eating disorder obesity. A person with such a problem loses control over his or her eating. The notion "obesity" is different from "being overweight", though both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than the standard corresponding to his or her height. Obesity occurs when a person eats more calories than he or she uses. Being obese increases the risk of diabetes, heart diseases, arthritis and some kinds of cancer. If one is obese, losing even 5 to 10 per cent of one's weight can delay or prevent some of these diseases.
As you probably know, this problem is quite widespread in the USA. Over the last several decades obesity rates have increased for all population groups in the United States. Approximately nine million children over six years of age are considered obese. From 1980 up to 2008, the prevalence of obesity among children aged 6 to 11 years old tripled from 6.5 per cent to 19.6 per cent. It happens not only because Americans are fond of junk food and eat nothing but hamburgers. The main problem comes from genetics. American people try to cope with obesity by banning sodas, junk food and candy at school districts.
I hope that having read this topic, you have learned something useful for yourself. Nothing can be more important in the world than your health. It means that your body is your temple, which should be taken proper care of. I can give you an example of such care. A sensible, well-balanced diet will be a good beginning for keeping fit.
Moreover, you may devote about 30 minutes to physical activities 34 times a week just to improve your style of life. These may be some aerobic exercises, walking, cycling, jogging, swimming or dancing. Healthy way of life is a key to success.
Vocabulary:
saying
as old as the hills
proper
to determine
health condition
metabolism
generally accepted
pearl of beauty
to foist
fashion industry
slim ,
skinny ,
advertisement hoarding
glossy
to conceal
mortal
nutrient
to develop
carbohydrate
protein
fat
to provide
tissue repair
immunity
to be in line with
idol
passion for ,
to turn out
dietitian -
preoccupation ,
eating disorder
concern ,
dread
disgust
to damage
attempt
self-esteem
to improve
appearance
entirely ,
to cure
to involve ,
to recover
to get over
obesity
overweight
to occur
diabetes
arthritis
cancer
to delay ,
to prevent
to be widespread
approximately
prevalence
to triple
junk food
to cope with
to ban
soda :
temple
proper ,
sensible
jogging
1.
-
2. :
Anorexia
Bulimia
Obesity
3. :
1. Are modern people very much concentrated on being healthy?
2. What is done for people in order to improve their style of life?
3. Do you know any proverbs or sayings about keeping fit?
4. What is the reason of young girls' preoccupation with dieting?
5. How can you explain the reason of irregular eating?
6. What adequate nutrition should you receive to be healthy?
7. Metabolism is a process of your body breaking down food and regulating energy, isn't it?
8. What is the most important thing for every person?
9. What is sold at your school canteen? Can you name these products junk food?
10. How can you help people who have anorexia?
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Biorhythms
At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we are built not just of flesh and blood but also of time.
They were able to demonstrate that we all have an internal body clock which regulates the rise and fall of our body energies, making us different from one day to the next.
The idea of an internal body clock should not be surprising, since the lives of most living things are dominated by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle.
The most obvious featu
