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NUCLEAR POWER OF RUSSIA - 50 YEARS OF HISTORY
The country nuclear power industry implies 30 operating power units in the territory of Russia. The first nuclear power plant was constructed under the direction of the academician Igor V. Kurtchatov. On June 27, 1954, in the city of Obninsk a nuclear power plant of the capacity 5 kW was put into operation and connected to the grid for the first time in the world's history.
In 1954, two options were studied as to the dual-purpose reactors that could combine generation of the electrical power and production of the weapons-grade plutonium, i.e. the RBMK-type graphite moderated reactor (high-capa-city channel-type reactor) and the VVER-type reactor (water-cooled, water-moderated reactor). The real development followed the path of plutonium production.
The first dual-purpose reactor (EI-2) was built in the years of 1954 - 1958 at the Siberian nuclear power plant in Tomsk-7 and commissioned in December, 1958.The Siberian NPP became the second nuclear power plant in Russia. It's original power of 100 MW was later on increased to 600 MW. In 1961, in Tomsk-7, the ADE-3 reactor was commissioned to produce plutonium, electrical power and heat, and on December 25, 1963, the ADE-4 reactor was commissioned.
On July 14, 1961 in Krasnoyarsk-26 the ADE-1 reactor was commissioned. The reactor was the third NPP in Russia.
In the year of 1958, the construction of the fourth nuclear power plant in Russia - Beloyarsk NPP - started. On April 26, 1964 it was connected to the grid. At the Beloyarsk NPP an advanced model of the first plant's reactor was used where steam was reheated in the core. The plant's first unit was constructed on the principle of uranium-graphite reactors, with the thermal output 285 kW and electrical output 100 kW. The water temperature at the reactor outlet was 300 C, in the steam reheating channels water and steam were heated up to the temperature of 510 C. The reactor was constructed on the principle of the vessel-free design, with high thermal efficiency.
The second unit of the Beloyarsk NPP had a single-circuit no-evaporator layout. Steam reheaters ensured that the unit produced steam of increased temperature and pressure, and had high efficiency. In the year of 1966, Minenergo of the USSR started to be in charge of operation of the Beloyarsk NPP.
The third unit of the Beloyarsk NPP was a fast neutron reactor (BN-600). Construction of the reactor started in 1968, and the reactor was commissioned on April 8, 1980. Its thermal output was 1 470 MW, electrical output -600 MW.
Activities for creation of the fast reactors were started in Russia already in the year of 1950 before start-up of the first NPP. Experimental fast reactors -BR-1 (commissioned in 1955), BR-2, BR-3 and BR-5 (commissioned in 1959], - were built in the city of Obninsk. A B0R-60 reactor was built in the city of Dimitrovgrad in 1968. All those reactors were developed by the Obninsk Institute and were prototypes of a BN-350 reactor built in the city of Shevtchenko in 1973.
The BN-350 reactor had the thermal capacity of 1 MW and electrical capacity of 350 MW (or 150 MWe and 120 t of desalinated water per day). The sodium temperature at the BN-350 and BN-600 reactor outlets were 500 C, which ensured a high efficiency of the thermal cycle. Similarlytothe B0R-60 and BN-350 reactors, the BN-600 reactor has a three-loop cooling cycle: sodium - sodium - water. Thenumber of in-core fuel assemblies is 370.
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The successful experience in operation of the Beloyarsk reactors basedonthe single-circuit principle with boiling water as a coolant (power units 1 and2),and the satisfactory operation of the production nuclear reactors in Tomsk-7 and Krasnoyarsk-26 built on the same principle allowed creating a large REBMK-type power reactor. By than, the world and national experience proved that nuclear power plants could operate safely.
2 :
1) nuclear power industry;
2) operating power units;
3) nuclear power plant;
4) to put into operation;
5) dual-purpose reactor;
6) generation of electrical power;
7) the weapons-grade plutonium;
8) high-capacity channel-type reactor;
9) uranium-graphite reactor;
10) thermal output.
3 :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) ;
5) ;
6) ;
7) ;
8) ;
9) ;
10) .
4 , . , , :
1) to operate;
2) to construct;
3) academic;
4) to generate;
5) electric;
6) to develop;
7) to heat;
8) to put;
9) salt;
10) cool.
5 (, , , : ) , ) ).
The country nuclear power industry implies 30 operating power units in the territory of Russia.
6 , : , ( , ), , one (ones), that (those), :
1) The first nuclear power plant was constructed under the direction of the academician Igor V. Kurtchatov.
2) Steam reheaters ensured that the unit produced steam of increased temperature and pressure, and had high efficiency.
3) In the year of 1966, Minenergo of the USSR started to be in charge of operation of the Beloyarsk NPP.
4) All those reactors were developed by the Obninsk Institute and were prototypes of a BN-350 reactor built in the city of Shevtchenko in 1973.
5) The successful experience in operation of the Beloyarsk reactors basedonthe single-circuit principle with boiling water as a coolant (power units 1 and2),and the satisfactory operation of the production nuclear reactors in Tomsk-7 and Krasnoyarsk-26 built on the same principle allowed creating a large REBMK-type power reactor.
6) By than, the world and national experience proved that nuclear power plants could operate safely.
7) The country nuclear power industry implies 30 operating power units in the territory of Russia.
7 :
1) When and where was the first nuclear power plant put into operation?
2) Who constructed the first nuclear power plant in Russia?
3) Which NPP became the second nuclear power plant in Russia?
4) Where was the third NPP in Russia constructed?
5) When was the construction of the fourth nuclear power plant in Russia - Beloyarsk NPP started?
6) How many operating power units are there in the territory of Russia? operating power units in the territory of Russia.
7) How did the world and national experience prove that nuclear power plants could operate safely?
