, 86-, Motorola 1980- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing). , , . , . Intel i486. , -, . , 486- RISC. RISC- . , Berkeley RISC 1980 1984 .
RISC
, Berkeley RISC, Motorola 68000. , , . , Unix 30% . Berkeley RISC , .
, . RISC Restricted (Reduced) Instruction Set Computer, . , , CISC-. , RISC ( , ), RISC- . . , 32 . RISC . . ( ) RISC.
Berkeley RISC
RISC I RISC II Berkeley RISC. 44 000 4 . VAX 11/780 , Zilog Z8000. RISC II : 39 32. . VAX 200%, Motorola 68000 .
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, Berkeley RISC VLSI. MIPS, 1981 .
MIPS
MIPS . Berkeley RISC, , . MIPS- : , , (- ) . MIPS Berkeley RISC . RISC, , , , . . . RISC-, CISC- . , MIPS, RISC, , . CISC , .
MIPS,
MIPS , . . , . , . MIPS . , .
1984 MIPS Computer Systems, . 32- R2000. RISC- . 1988 R3000. R2000 - . . , Silicon Graphics, DEC, Seiko Epson . R3000 Sony PlayStation.
MIPS R3000
MIPS- . R4000 1991 . 64- , , . , R4000 100 . - 8 . R4400. - . , 64- .
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, , , MIPS SGI MIPS Technologies. . , QED (Quantum Effects Devices) MIPS-, Cisco. NEC VR4300, Nintendo 64.
NEC VR4300 Nintendo 64
1994 R8000. MIPS- , , . , R8000 .
1996 MIPS R10000. , R8000, , , . - 32 175 195 . 1997 250 . 195 R10000 .
R10000, Toshiba
, R10000 SGI MIPS-. - . , R12000, 1998 , . 270 , 300 360 . R12000 MIPS: R14000 R16000. , - . , R16000 700 64 - .
MIPS 32- 64- MIPS32 MIPS64.
SPARC
Sun Microsystems SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture). , Berkeley RISC. . SPARC MIPS-. , . SPARC , . ( ), , . SPARC , , . .
SPARC V7, Fujitsu
SPARC V7. 1992 . SPARC V8. - . , . SPARC V7, SPARC V8 32- , microSPARC. Low-End- . Texas Instruments Fujitsu . SuperSPARC.
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SPARC V9 SPARC Architecture Committee, , Sun, , Texas Instruments, Fujitsu, Philips . 64 9- . SPARC V9 - , 16 , 512-4096 . UltraSPARC 143-200 .
UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC SPARC V9. 1997 UltraSPARC II.
ARM
ARM-, ARM, Acorn Computers BBC Micro. MOS Technology 6502, , . Acorn, . , Acorn RISC MOS Technology 6502.
BBC Micro
MOS, , . . (true false) . , . , . , RISC. .
1985 ARM. 1986 ARM2. CISC-, ARM2 30 000 . . ARM-, 4 -, .
ARM2
1980- Acorn ARM Apple. , ARM-, Advanced RISC Machines. ARM6 ARM610, Apple Newton.
ARM- CISC- , RISC- MIPS. ARM . ARM6 , . , ARM , .
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DEC ARM- StrongARM, 5- . - 16 .
StrongARM SA-110 1996 . 100 , 160 200 . Apple MessagePad 2000, Acorn Computer Risc PC Eidos Optima. 1996 SA-110 .
Apple MessagePad 2000 SA-110
1997 StrongARM Intel, . 2000 , ( ) Xscale. . , 8 . - , 32 . XScale , RIM Blackberry, Dell Axim, Motorola A780 .
PowerPC
, , RISC-, IBM. 1974 IBM 801, . Berkeley RISC .
80- IBM 801. IBM 9370.
1985 IBM RISC- . America Project. 1990 . POWER1 IBM. , 11 . 1992 IBM POWER1, .
POWER1. , ,
1993 POWER2. - . : , . 55 71 , - 256 32 . , . 1994 .
POWER2 IBM Apple Motorola AIM POWER. , RISC- . PowerPC. POWER, (big-endian little-endian), 32- 64- .
PowerPC
RISC-, , PowerPC - x86. . , PowerPC Apple Macintosh 2006 .
x86 2001 , Intel AMD . , PowerPC Sony PlayStation 3 Microsoft Xbox 360.
Sony PlayStation 3 Microsoft Xbox 360 PowerPC
90- IBM POWER3, , , 64- PowerPC. , IBM RS/6000.
DEC Alpha
DEC VAX 90- RISC-. Alpha, 1994 . Alpha 21064 EV4. 64- . RISC-. DEC . , EV4 . 128-. 16 - CMOS-4. EV4 150 200 . 21064A, 300 , . EV4 .
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Alpha 21064
Alpha 21064A DEC 21164 (EV5). . EV5 -: , . - : 8 . - 96 . 266 333 . Alpha 21164 Alpha 21064A Pentium Pro. , DEC Alpha 21164A, ( 666 ). , Digital, Network Appliance Cray Research.
Alpha 21264
1996 DEC Alpha 21264 (EV6). . , , . / Ebox, Fbox. , . - Alpha 21164. . 64 . - , 1 16 . . Alpha 21264, , , . Alpha 21264E, 1250 .
, Alpha 21264 DEC. 1998 DEC , Compaq.
Intel i486
( ) Intel . , . , , , . , i486 , -, , (). CPU . .
-? . . , . , -, . i486 - 8 . 486- (Write Through), , . (Write Back). ( ) -, . i486 , . 256 512 .
i486
- 1- . i486 1,2 . -. . , , i486, . . , - .
i486 , . - Zilog Z8000. i486 : , , , , . , - . , CPU.
(FPU, Floating-Point Unit, ), , . i486 . FPU.
i486. 486SX 486DX . 486DX2. 33 66 . . 486DX4 . .
i486DX
, Intel : 486SX 486DX. , FPU. . , - 486SX 486DX . Intel . 1- , 0,8- . 25 50 . 5 .
Intel i486SX
, Intel , i486. AMD, Cyrix, IBM, Texas Instruments .
AMD Am486 Am486SX Am486DX. 0,7- , 0,5- 0,35- . Am486SX Am486DX Intel. , , 25 40 , 66 100 .
1995 AMD i486- Am5x86. 350- 1,6 . - 1- 16 , 4. 33 , 133 . Am5x86 Pentium 75 . Am5x86 AMD K5.
- AMD
i486, , . , , .
Motorola 68020, 68030, 68040
1984 , i386, Motorola 32- 68020. 2- 190 000 . 12 33 . 68010 . , , 32- , . . 68020 Motorola 68k - . , 256 . , 68020 FPU, 8 . , 33 5,36 .
Apple: Macintosh II Macintosh LC. , Motorola 68020 Sun 3, Hewlett-Packard 8711, Sinclair QL Alpha Microsystems AM-2000.
Macintosh LC
Motorola 68EC020. , 24- 16 . Kodak Apple , Commodore Amiga 1200 CD32.
1987 Motorola 68030. 32-. 68030 , 8-, 16- 32- . , . 256 - , . 68020, . , . 16 50 . 18 .
Motorola 68030
68030 Apple Macintosh II Commodore Amiga, Next Cube, Sun 3/80, Atari TT Atari Falcon. 68EC030.
Motorola 68040, 1990 , , . , . , . - - 4 . , .
- . 68040 CPU . , . 40 , Motorola 50- .
Motorola 68040 Intel i486 . , 486- .
Motorola 68040, : 68EC040 68LC040. , 68EC040 . , . , 68LC040 68020.
Macintosh Quadra
, Apple Motorola . , 68040 High-End- Macintosh Quadra. Macintosh Centris Performa 68040. Amiga 4000/4000T, Alpha Microsystems HP.
NEC V60, V70, V80
, . NEC : 32- V60, 1986 , . x86-, RISC- . , CISC-. x86.
V60 32- 16 , 24-. 1,5- 375 . , . 16 V60 3,5 . Sega System 32 Model 1.
NEC V60 ( , ) V70 ( , )
NEC V70. 32- V60. 1,5- , 1,2- . V70 20 . 6,6 . , V70 , Sega .
1989 V80. - - 1 , . 0,8- , 980 . : V80 25/33 . 16,5 . NEC V80 45 , .
V80 NEC CISC. , V800, RISC-.
DEC VAX
1985 DEC 32- , VAX. MicroVAX 78032, , . 125 3- NMOS. 5 VAX-11/780, 1977 . MicroVAX 78032 MicroVAX 78132. 78032 DEC, MicroVAX II.
DEC MicroVAX II
1987 CVAX VAX. CPU, . CVAX 78034, CFPA (, Q-Bus).
VAX 78034 11,11 12,5 . CMOS . - 1 . Intel Motorola SRAM-, DEC DRAM. 78034 64 -. , CVAX, 1987 . (VAX 6000 Model 200), Low-End MicroVAX 3500.
DEC CVAX
, DEC 80- , DEC Rigel. CVAX, (REX520), DC523, - DC592 . - 2 , 128 . REX520 CMOS 320 , -. , DEC (VAX 6000 Model 300/400 VAXstation 3100 Model 76).
AMD Am386DX
386SX Am386SX, , . , 0,8- , . Am386SX 35% , 386SX. , 386SL. Am386SX , , , 386SX ( 40 ).
, , Am386SX , AMD. Am386 AMD Intel.
AMD Am386SX
i386, Cyrix. : 486SLC 486DLC. , 386SX 386DX . , Cyrix i486. - 1-8 . , 40 , AMD Am386. Cx486 . AMD. Intel , i486 Cyrix.
Cyrix 486DLC
IBM. 1991 386SLC 386DLC, 386SX 386DX, . IBM PS/2 PS/ValuePoint, IBM ThinkPad.
IBM ThinkPad
, Intel : 80376 386EX. 1989 . 386SX ( ) . 376- 16/20 .
5 80376 386EX. 26- , , , : , , . 386EX , NASA FlightLinux.
Intel P5
RISC , x86. , .
, Intel RISC- i860 i960, x86-. Pentium P5, 1993 .
. -, P5 . , . -, 64-, . -, - 8 . , , .
Pentium 60 66 . 5 , . , . Intel P54C.
Intel Pentium
P54C . 0,6- . 3,3 , . , P54C , . 75 , 90 100 . P54C Socket 5 Socket 7. P5, Socket 4. P54C 1995 , 350- . , 200 .
Pentium MMX
1996 P5 P55C. MMX (MultiMedia eXtension), . Pentium MMX. . - 32 , Pentium MMX 0,28- . 233 . P5 .
AMD K5
, AMD Intel. 90- AMD , .
AMD K5
AMD . 1996 K5, Intel Pentium. RISC-, CISC-. , RISC-. K5 . , , Pentium. - 16 , 8 . 75 133 . , Pentium, K5 Intel .
Intel P6
1995 P5 , , P6 CISC- RISC-. . P6 . 12 . . , . P6 .
1995 Pentium Pro. 150-200 , 16 - 1 . , Pentium Pro MMX. - Pentium 16- . Pentium Pro , Intel . 1997 Pentium II.
P6 ( Klamath), Pentium Pro. Pentium - 32 . MMX. Pentium Pro 16- , . 16- . Klamath 300 .
Intel Pentium Pro
1998 P6 (Deschutes). . . , Deschutes 450 . , Pentium II : Low-End- : Xeon Celeron .
1999 Pentium III. P6 Katmai, Deschutes. SSE, . Katmai 600 .
Intel Pentium III
1999 Katmai Coppermine. 180- - . Katmai, . 1,13 .
AMD K6
K5 AMD Intel. 1996 x86- NexGen Nx686 K6.
K5. K6 , MMX . K5, CISC RISC-. K5 350- 250- , 64 - , 166-300 .
1998 AMD K6-2. Pentium II. SIMD- 3DNow!, , 64 . 550 . K6-2 , AMD .
AMD K6-2
1999 K6 K6-III. Pentium III. AMD . K6-III . , K6-2, - 256 . 64 . K6-III K6 . 1999 K7.
, 386SX. 1988 i386. DX, . , 32- 16-. 24 . 32-. , 386SX , 386DX. 25%.
i386SX
386SX 16 , 20, 25 33 . SX . .
SX DX, 386SL, . 20 25 ( 386SX) : , , -, 16 64 . 386SL , (System Management Mode).
, , RISC-, , 90- . , . AMD Intel, . , , , , .
AMD K7
AMD K7 Athlon 1999 . , , .
, K7, AMD Motorola , Motorola. .
K7 AMD . CEO AMD . DEC Alpha.
CEO AMD
DEC K7 . . . , . , 10 , 17. , Athlon .
K6 (FPU). , AMD . 3DNow!. K7 FPU . FMUL, FADD FSTORE, , . FMUL FADD MMX 3DNow!. , , . FSTORE .
3DNow!, , . 3DNow! 19 , .
K7 EV6. DEC, Alpha. GTL+, Intel P6, EV6 . -, DDR (Double Data Rate) . 100 200 . . -, - EV6 .
- . , , . 1- . 64 , 128 . , Pentium III 32 . - 2- K7 512 , , . , SRAM- .
Athlon, Slot A
Athlon Pluto, 250- . 22 . Pluto Slot A. , Orion, 180- . Pluto.
180- Thunderbird. -, AMD Socket A. -, . - 2- . , 256 , . , . 133 , 266 .
, AMD . 6 2000 Athlon Thunderbird 1 . K7, , 1400 .
Athlon Slot A
K7, . 2- , , . SSE. 3DNow!, SSE. Athlon Intel.
Palomino, Athlon XP (eXtra Performance). SSE 2- , - . Palomino 180- , 38 . Athlon XP Socket A, Slot A. Palomino 1733 .
Athlon XP Socket A
, Athlon XP AMD . , . , Athlon XP 2000+ 1667 Pentium 4 2000 .
Palomino 2001 , 9 Thoroughbred (Tbred-A). Palomino, 130- . AMD , Thoroughbred Tbred-B. Tbred-A Tbred-B, 2200 . Thoroughbred 166 .
K7 Barton, 2003 . Thoroughbred 512 2- . Barton Tbred-B, AMD K8.
Intel NetBurst
Intel P6, , . , , , . Intel NetBurst, 2000 P6.
AMD K7, NetBurst . , , , K7. NetBurst . NetBurst Willamette Northwood 20 . Prescott Cedar Mill 31 . , . , NetBurst - 1- .
Pentium 4
, -. NetBurst . , ( , Trace Cache), , . , . NetBurst 12 . ( ) .
, - . 3 . ӻ, . 2X ӻ, (, ). . P6, 33%.
NetBurst, Willamette, 2 400 . . 2002 Northwood. 180- Willamette, 130- . 512 - 2- Hyper-Threading. Northwood 1,6 3,4 .
Northwood Hyper-Threading
Prescott, 2004 . 90 . . , - 1 (