' , . ' (. 11.10). ' , ( ' ).
F . ,
= πd12/4. ³
σp = 4F/(πd12) ≤ [σ]p.
d1 ≥ √4F/(π[σ]p). (18)
d1 , d (. . 11.1). [σ]ρ = σ T/ s, s = 2...3.
' .
' , , , ' (, , .). F0(. 11.11) ( ).
' F0 Tsp. d1 ( ).
³ 䳿 F0
σρ = 4F0/(πd12). (19)
Tsp[. (3)]
τ = T/WP = (20)
̳
. (21)
ϳ σρ τ (21)
(22)
β , :
(23)
, β ≈ 1,3. , ', , , 0% F0. (22)
. (24)
d1 d (. . 11.1).
' , .
' . '.
1. (. 11.12, ).
'
F ≤ i∙Fs = i∙f∙F0,(25)
F , 䳺 '; Fs ; ;
F0 ; f .
' k, (25) :
F0 = kF/(if).(26)
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k: ' k =1,3... 1,5; 䳿 k = 1,8...2,0.
F0 d1 . ϳ (26) (24)
. (27)
' F . 䳿 .
2. ρ (. 11.12, ).
F , , '.
'
τ = F/A = 2F/(πd2) ≤ [τ]. (28)
,
= 2πd2/4.
. (29)
( ), , , . F ' , , ( ), , .
' , . ' ( 䳿 ) . ' (, .) 䳿 . ', , ' , , .
ij '. ' . (.11.13,)
' , , , ' . ϳ ( ' 䳺) F0, F0 ( 1113,). 䳺 F0 () λ, ' () λ. ϳ ' F(. 11.13, ) , , F, ' F. Δλ, ' Δλ.
' ' .11.14. '. 1 ,
2 '. α β '
(tg α = , tg β = ). . 11.14 , F0 λ, ' λ.
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2 2'. 1 2' F0.
ϳ ' F Δλ (. 11.14), Δλ = Δλ, F. F F.
F0 F F . F =0, ', , .
. 11.14 , F0,
F = F0 + ΔF, (30)
ΔF F, .
ΔF Δλ = Δλ:
Δλ = ΔF/c; Δλ = (F ΔF)/c; ΔF/c = (F ΔF)/c.
ΔF = ΔFc /( + ) = χF. (31)
χ , ',
χ = /( + ). (32)
(31) , ' F , χ < 1.
(30) (31)
F = F0 + χF. (33)
F . 11.14
F = F0 (F ΔF) = F0 F(1 χ). (34)
', F > 0, F0 > F (1 χ). (35)
F0, , '. , '. , , , , , ( ) ' .
' , .
, 䳺 , (33) :
F,p = F0β + χF = (k3β+χ)F. (36)
, ( ', χ, . '.
F0 = k3F,(37)
k3 , ' : ' k = 1,2...2; ': k3 = 1,3... 2,5 ' '; k3 = 2... 3,5 ; k = 3...5 .
ϳ ' .
' . χ (36) χ = 0,2...0,3 ' ' . .
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F., (36), :
.(38)
d1 .
' , . , ' [. (31)], ΔF . ', .
.11.15,, ΔF F F (1 = tgα1 > 2 = tgα2). ΔF1 F , ΔF2 . ΔF1 ΔF2 F.
, , ' '.
, , , (. 11.16) .
' , ,
s = σ1/(Κσσ/Κd + ψσσm ≥ smin, (39)
s ; smin (smin = 3... 4 ',
smin = 2,0... 2,5 ).
σa ΔF , (. . 11.15),
σ = ΔF/(2A) = 2Fχ/(πd12). (40)
σm F0 ΔF :
σm = (F0 + 0,5ΔF)/A = 4 (kF + 0,5χF)/(π d12). (41)
χ = 0,10... 0,15 , k = 3... 4.
σ1 ≈ 0,35σ ψσ ≈ 0,1, d ≈ 0,90...0,97 d = (16...32), Κσ = 4,0...5,5 Kσ = 3,5...4,5 .
'. (. ) (. ).
, σρ, ' σ:
σρ = 4F/(π d12); σ = M/W0 = Fe/(0,1d13).
= d1 σ/σρ = 7,8, . , ' .