, , ( , ). ( - ). 4 , .
1.1.
n | : 1, 2, 3... | ||
l | 0 n-1 | ||
m | -l +l | ||
ms | +½ -½ |
n ; . n, . n, - .
l () , n.
l 0 n-1. , n=2: l=0 l=1.
l , n -
, n, l, :
1.2.
l | |
0 1 2 3 4 | s p d f g |
: 2s; 3p; 3d
m . -l +l ( 0).
:
l=0 : m=0. , s- .
l=1: m=-1;0;+1 - p- .
l=2: m=-2;-1;0;+1;+2 - d- .
s : . : +½ -½.
1.3.
3
n | l | m | ms | |
1s | +½ -½ | |||
2s | +½ -½ | |||
2p | -1 0 +1 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ | ||
3s | +½ -½ | |||
3p | -1 0 +1 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ | ||
3d | -2 -1 0 +1 +2 | +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ +½ -½ |
(n=1) s-, 2 +1/2 -1/2. s- : 1s; 2s; 3s
|
|
(n=2) s; p. (n=3) - : s, p, d. .. .
2p- ( ), ( 6 p-).
3d - 10 d- .
. - . , :
2p , 2s
3p , 3s
3d , 3s
3d , 3p
, ( 3d- ).