, (externalities) , , . , , . , , , .
. , . , () ().
MSC = + MSB = + , (1)
MSC (marginal social cost);
і (marginal private cost);
і (marginal external cost);
MSB (marginal social benefit);
(marginal private benefit);
(marginal external benefit).
(negative externality) . ( ). () ( 16.1- ).
, , , . ( ) ( ) : Qp > Qs, < Ps.
, .
) )
16.1.
(positive externality) . . () ( 16.1- ).
( ) ( ) :
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Qp < Qs < Ps.
, .
, , . (DWL) 16.1. , .
, , .
: MSC = MSB.
MSC = + , a MSB = + ,
+ = + . (2)
» 0 = MSB, :
MPC + EC = S. (3)
ѻ 0 MPC = MSC, :
MSC = + . (4)
, , , , . , . .
. , .
. , . . , , , , . , , ; , () , . , , , .. (rent-seeking behawior).
, , Qs , , Qp Qs > MSB MFC, , Q' ( 16.2).
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, Qs , , MSB MFC 0 Qp , , Q' ( 16.2).
) )
16.2. -
Qs, -.
. , (-). , .
, , , , .
16.2. : , ;
. , , . , . , , . , . .
, , , , . , , .
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) .
(emissions standards) . , , . , . , . , , , , . , , . , , .
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, , . , .
. , . . , , .
. , . , , .
, . . , , , .
. , . (internalization of an externality) ( ) (). .. .
(corrective tax) , , . , :
= , (5)
.
MPC + = MSC, . Q = Qs.
(corrective subsidy) , , . , :
G = , (6)
G .
+ G = MSB, . QG = Qs.
, , . , , . . . . .